
Class_E.a^ 
Book_i_p^':|___ 
Copyright N^ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



A Complete Analysis 



OF 



AMERICAN HISTORY 



WITH 



Especial Reference to the Political Institutions 
of the United States 



BY 

J. H. SCHOOLER 

A Teacher, West Carlisle, Ohio 



Press of Advocate Printing Co, 
Newark, O. 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

T>vc Copies Received 

JUL 22 1903 

Copyiight &ntty 

CLASS «- XXo. No. 

COPY 8. 



Copyright, 1903, by 
J. H. Schooler. 



PREFATORY NOTE 



A Complete Analysis of American History must 
perforce omit much that is of importance to the student, 
but in this little book wc have attempted to call attention 
to the most important facts, and to lead from one to the 
other by logical sequence and thus introduce to the learner 
the fact that United States History is not a haphazard 
affair, but is a matter of growth from cause to the natural 
result. 

Be our success small or great the work is left to the 
student to make use of, as he sees fit. 

West Carlisle, O., May 20, 1903. J. H. S. 



COMPLETE 
Analysis of American History 



1 History. 

Def. — A record of the changes that have occurred since 
man's advent upon the earth and that are due to his action 
upon his various environments. 

II. Origin: 

It seems that historical composition as now known* was 
first cultivated among the Greeks about the sixth century. 
B. C. Herodotus ( about 484-402, B. C.) one of the most pop- 
ular but not the most philisophical historian of thr^ 
time, was born at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor. 
He lived in a story-telling age and he is himself, 
an inimitable story-teller. To him we are indebted 
for a large part of the tales of antiquity. He 
was a voluminous writer. His central theme seems to 
have been the Persian Wars, the struggles between Asia 
and Greece, and the stories of the nations of antiquity which 
he groups around them. In this vivid description, he may 
be likened to our modern writers of historical romance, 
and well deserves the name, "Father of History." 

III. Periods of American History: 

1. Aboriginal Period;— 986. 

2. Period of Voyage and Discovery, A. D. 968-1607. 

3. Period of Colonization; A. D. 1607-1775. 

4. Period of Revolution and Confederation; A. D 
1775-1789. 

5. Period of Nationality; A. D. 1789.— 

*The Hieroglyphics of Nineveh, Babylon and Egypt, and 
the writings of the Chinese precede our historical writings 
by centuries. 



Analysis of American History. 

THE STORY OF THE NORTHMEN. 

To whom shall we attribute the first real discovery of 
America? Is a question that is difficult to answer when 
we understand that we are on historical ground. It is 
difficult even to tell which nation first found men courageous 
enough to cross the unknown waters. There are traditions, 
however, that the Chinese did so and that these Buddhists 
wandered down to the California shore and went deep into 
the country that we now know as Mexico. There are tradi- 
tions, too, that the Breton fishermen cast their lines upon 
the Newfoundland coast. The Welsh, also, have a tradition, 
which is peculiarly romantic. Two brothers, David and 
Madoc, -quarreled for the Welsh throne. The younger 
(Madoc) gave up his right, and, sailed westerly. On his 
return, he claimed to have found a "rich and fair country." 
He called upon his friends to rollow him, and filled ten 
ships with men, women and chihlren. They left port, 
never to be heard of again. This was about 1170. But the 
journeys of the Northmen are much batter known. They 
were splendid seamen and splendid fighters. Their most 
noteworthy characteristic was the read'ness with which 
they laid aside their own manners, habits, ideas and insti- 
tutions, and adopted those of the country in which they 
established themselves. Iceland became the literary center 
of the Scandinavian world. They began their conquest of 
Russia in 862, under Ruric. Under Canute they held Eng- 
land from 1016 to 1042. They began their conquest of 
Gaul, under the renowned Rollo in the time of Charlemange. 
Tradition tells how this great king, catching sight one day 
of some ships of the Northmen, burst into tears as Tie re- 
flected on the sufferings that he forsaw the new foe would 
entail upon his country. They having previously laid bare 
portions of his country and stabled their horses in his 
palace. Thus, we see where ever they went they seemed 
to conquer until at last they were driven from Scotland. 
The most interesting and important of the literary memor- 
ials that we possess of the Teutonic peoples are the sages 
that had been preserved and transmitted orally by the 
bards. A little later (about the Twelfth Century) these 



Analysts of American History. y 

poems and legends were gathered into collections known 
as the Elder, or poetic, Edda, and the Younger, or prose 
Edda. These reflect faithfully the beliefs, manners, and 
customs of the Norsemen and the wild adventurous spirit 
of their Sea-Kings. The first of these that we have con- 
nected with our history is that of Bjarne Hurfulson who in 
986 sailed from Iceland to - Greenland — driven by adverse 
winds — he sailed along Mass., Newfoundland and Nova 
Scotia but did not attempt to land. He went to Iceland 
with the tales of what he had seen. After giving them to 
Erik the Red he was greatly surpiised and insisted that his 
son, Lief Erikson called "Lief ih3 Foruinate," m'ght go 
ou a similar expedition. After due deliberation he bought 
Bjarne's ship from him, tooi: thirty-five seamen and 
sailed in a south-westerly direction. They landed in New- 
foundland which they called Helluland and in Nova Scotia 
which they termed Markland. After jooking about theso 
countries a little he sailed south and entered a sound where 
he found lucious grapes growing wild, from which wine 
could be made with ease. A German, named Tyrker, called 
the country Vinland. This is what we probably call 
Martha's Vinyard now. This was in the year 1000. After 
his return his brother Thorbald, in 1002 made a similar ex- 
ploration, after staying three years he is said to have 
been killed by a poisoned arrow and buried on the banks 
of the Fall River in Mass. In 1005 the last son of Erik 
the Red, Thorstein, started in search of Thorbald, he lost 
his course, and never reached h'.> destination. Next came 
Thorfinn accompanied by his wife, Gudrid, and with them 
one hundred and fifty-one men and seven women. They 
remained three years, and probably wrote the inscriptions 
on the blocks near Taunton River a shoit distance from 
Newport. While here, Snori was born, the first child of 
European blood in America. They perhaps built the tower 
that stands at Newport. It has two windows and a fire- 
place, the cement with which *he stone are fastened to- 
gether is still perfect and with its dense ivy covering furn- 
ishes a beautiful spectacle for tourists. Thorfinn died 1016. 
and was probably the greatest of the "Viking" explorers 



Analysis of American History. 

Other stories are related of the Norsemeu in the year.-;. 
1011 and 1121 and even as lato as 1347, of their explora 
tions on the Florida coa?t; but, io of little value. In 1871 
the Icelandero celebrated the thousand th anniversary oi 
the settlement of this island, an event similar to our cen- 
tennial of 1876. 

If we are to judge an event by its consequences we 
would surely have to say that the Icelandic discoveries re- 
sulted in nothing and the result remains as though it had 
never happened. The veil which had been lifted, but 
momentarily was again hung from horizon to sea and the 
American continent still lay in an unseen future. 

NOTE — Why? Because the fighting, carousing spirits 
of those earlier days so permeated the Northmen that 
their ideas were not in advance of the peoples occupying 
the continent. 



THE MOUND BUiLDERS. 

i. Location of Settlements. 

A region about our Great Lakes, the valleys of the 
Mississippi, the Ohio, the Missouri and th.^ regions watered 
by the affluents of these rivers and a wide irregular belt 
along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; alsc a few traces in 
North and South Carolina. 

II. Fate — Unknown. . 

III. Date of Existence — Unknown. 

IV. Origin of Race, like the Indian — Conjectural. 
Theories: 

a. That they were decendants of the Asiatic Mongols, 
who, crossed Bering strait; while the two continents were 
connected at this point. 

b. That they were decendants of the great Toltec race 
who oc(?Lipied Central America and Mexico before they were 
driven cut bv the Aztecs — prefe-able. 

V. Plans of Settlement — Chiefly ii Communities. 



Analysis of American History. g 

y]. Evidences: 

a. Chief evidences are mounds and contents. The 
mounds vary from ten to fifty feet in height with widely 
varying baf^ep. 

VII. Shape of Mounds: 

Circular, pyramidal, square and polygonal; some in 
form of birds, beasts and human beings. 

VIII. Purpose of Mounds. 

1. Altars for sacrifice — they were sun worshipers. 

2. Performance of imposing ceremonies. 

3. As the sepulchers of the dead. 

4. For points of observation. 

IX. Plans of Burial. 

a. Sitting posture, adorned with shells, beads and ivory. 

b. Cremation . 

X. Proofs of Civilization — Revealed by Excavation. 

a. Arrow-heads, spades, rimmers, borers, eels, axes, 
fieshers, scrapers, pestles, water jugs and drinking cup* 
made from porphyry, greenstone and feldspar. 

XI. Knowledge of Arts. 

a. Carved wood, — proof oi ihe knowledge of tobacco, 
woven cloth, basket work and spun thread, proof of some 
deft invention or mechanical device, copper chisels, knives, 
pottery, kettles and bracelets. 

XII. Primeval Mining. 

a On the shores of Lake Superior we find grent ex- 
cavations indicating extensive and skillful mining of cop- 
per — ihey never learned the art of smelting iron. 



THE INDIAN NATIONS. 

I. Race: Ganawanain — Bow a nd Arroww Race. 

II. Origin — Wholly Traditional. 

III. Tribal Divisions. 
(1) Algonquins. 

a. Location — Nearly all southern Canada, nearly all 
of U. S. east of Mississippi River and north of thirty- 
seventh paralell. 



lO A?ialysis of American History. 

b. Families, eleven m all — many subordinate tribes. 
Most important — Ottawas, Miamis. Mohegans, Sacs, Foxes, 
Pequods, and Meuomonies. 

c. Subordinate tribes — Kickapoos. Illinoi, Shawnees, 
Cliippewas, Pottawatomies, Lenni Lenape, Abenakis ana 
Nanicokees. 

d. Character — Warlike, veiy little development other- 
wise. 

2. Huron Iroquois. 

a. Location — From Georgian Bay and Lal^e Huron, to 
Lakes Erie and Ontario, south of this to the valley of the 
Upper Ohio, and eastward to the River Sorrel. 

b. Families — Nine allied nations. 

c. Tribal Names — "Five Nations" — Senecas, Cajaigas, 
Oneidas, Mohawks and Onoadagaes, joined by the Tuscar- 
awas, 1722. 

d. Subordinate Tribes — Kurons Proper, Eries and 
Andastes. 

e. Character — Brave, and eloquent Dut wholly averse 
to industry — yet best developed ot the tribes. 

3. Mobilians. 

a. Location — Occupied the territory between the lower 
Mississippi and the Atlantic Ocean. 

b. Families— Eight in all, including Ihe Natchez and 
Uchees. 

c. Tribal Names — Choctas, Chickasas, Cowetas, Musk- 
hogees or Creeks, Yamassees and Seminoles. 

d. Character — Very crude, yet evidences of temple 
building south of the thirty-second paralell. 

4. Dakotahs or Sioux. 

a. Location — From the Arkansas River to the land 
of the Esquimaux and westward to the Rocky Mountains. 

b. Families, thirteen in all — many subordinate tribes. 

c. Tribal names, principal — Assin?boines, Sioux, Win- 
nebagoes, (Wis.) 

d. Subordinate — Arrapahoes, Mandans, Omahas, Osages, 
Missouris, lowas, Kansas and Ottoes . 

e. Character — Warlike, revengeful, sluggish and rov- 
ing. 



Analysis of Aiiwrh'an Histo)y. 1 1 

5. Shoshones. 

a. Location — West of the Rocky Mountains and soutti 
of the Arkansas River. 

b. Principal tribes — Apaches, Athabascans, TJtahs, 
Comanches, Pawnees and Nez Perces. 

c. Allied tribes — Navajos, Lapans, Boise, Bruneaux and 
Bannoes. 

d. Character — Very low — no intellectual development. 

6. Coastal Indians — Three well defined Nations. 

1. Californians: Location, California. 

a. Sub-divisions — Yumas, Acagchemens, Mutsuns, 
Makaws and Olamenthes. 

2. Klamaths: Location, Oregon. 

a. Sub divisions: Eurocs, Cahrocs and Modocs. 
o. Selish — Location, "Washington, Montana and Britis'i 
Columbia. 

a. Subdivisions — Okanagans, Kootenays and Flatheads. 

7. Aztecs and Toltecs. 

a. Location — South Pacific slope. 

b. Character — Most civilized, best builders in wood 
and stone and least war-like of any of the aborigines. 



PERIOD OF VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY; A. D. 986-1607. 

Program for Recitation. 

The following prepared lessons arranged in topical out- 
line may be found useful in class recitations and written 
exercises. Similar outlines may be used for preparing 
lessons about other persons or events. Each topic will be 
found easy to develop, connect, systematize and supple- 
ment. 



COLUMBUS. 
Birth. 

Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, one of the 
chief cities of Italy, about the year 1435. He was the old- 
est of four children. 



1 2 Analysis of Ajuerican History. 

II. Parentage. 

His father, Dominico Columbo, was a weaver. His 
ancestors had followed the same employment. 

III. Early Life. 

He was educated chiefly at the University of Pavia; 
his chief studies being Mathematics, Geography and Astron- 
omy. Left school at the age of fourteen. Made many 
voyages with Columbo and Colon. Lived in Portugal from 
1470 to 1484. 

IV. Marriage. 

He married the daughter of a man named Prestrello, 
governor of the Maderia Islands. Two sons, Diego and 
Fernando. He obtained from his father-in-law and Toscan- 
elli valuable information in the way of maps, and drew 
plans of how one might reach India, Tartary, Cathay and 
Cipango — Meeting of Icelandic explorers. 

V. Voyages. 

He made four voyages to the New World. First voy- 
age he had three vessels: Santa Maria, La Pinta and La 
Nina. Commanded by Columbus, M. A. P.nzon and V. Y. 
Pinzon, respectively. 

VI. Assistance. 

Went to Henry VII of England; the King of Portugal 
and the cities of his own country. Finally he went to 
Cordova where Ferdinand and Isabella were. After much 
pleading — seventeen years — Isabella agreed to help him. 
About $9?..000 was used in fitting out the expedition, of 
which Isabella contributed about $62,000. 

VII. Character. 

He was resolute and energetic, yet sensitive almost to 
a fault and above all a man of prayer. 

VIII. Agreement. 

Columbus was to be made High Admiral and Viceroy 
in these new lands and given one-eight of the possible pro- 
fits in return for the eighth of the cost which he advanced. 
This he expected to use in freeing the Holy Sepulchre from 
the Moslems. 



Analysis of Ainer lean History. 13 

IX. Death. 

He died May 20, 1506, and the chains that ha.l beau 
fastened on him by Bobadilla, hung by his bedside. These 
were placed in his coffin with him. 

X. Burials. 

Valladolid, 1506-1513; Seville 1513-1536'; Saint Domingo 
1536 to 1796. 

Havana, 1796-1898; Madrid, 1898-1902; Seville, 1902;.— 



DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD. 

I. Date. 

October 12, 1492, at two o'clock in the morning. Triana 
one of the crew of the La Pinta was first to discover it. 

II. Crew. 

Columbus had on board ninty mariners and thirty 
adventurers. 

III. Place. 

Watling I., — One of the Bahama group. 

IV. Motives. 

1. To spread the Catholic religion — Missir)nary spirit. 

2. To reach the Indies by sailing westward. 

3. To open by water, a direct commercial intercourse 
with the Indies. 

V. Hindrances. 

1. Defective maps and poorly laid plans. 

2. Character of his crew — superstitious. 

3. Ill-built vessels. 

VI. Results. 

1. Gave to the world a New Continent. 

2. Strengthened the spirit of discovery. 



14 



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Analysis of Auicrican History 



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Analysis of Aj)ierican History. \g 

PERIOD OF COLONIZATION, 1607-1775. 

The settlement of Virginia under the first charter. 
1609. 

I. Time. 

II. Place: Jamestown. 

III. Charter. 

In 160(j King James gave to the London Co., the con- 
trol of the territory lying between the 34th and 38th de- 
grees of north latitude. 

IV. Colonists. 

First company 105 under Newport. Second company 
imder Newport in 1608. 

V. Character: 

Idle, improvident and dissolute. 

VI. Leaders. 

Smith, Newport, Wingfield, Sicklemore, Martin, Dr. 
Russell, Cassen, Kendall, Fetherstone and Gosnold. 

VII. Object. 

Financial gain — gold mines. 



SECOND CHARTER, 1609-1612. 

I. Time 1609. 

II. Place, Jamestown. 

III. Charter. 

The territory included under this new patent extended 
from Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

IV. Conditions of Charter. 

1. Members of the Superior Council, chosen by the 
stockholders of the company. 

2. Vacancies were to be filled by the councillors. 

3. Councillors empowered to elect a governor from 
their own number. 

4. Company was to have the profits for twenty-one years 
after which they were to pass to the Crown. 

5. Guaranteed the same rights as if living in England. 



20 Analysis of American Histoij. 

V. Colonists. 

Arrival of 500 under Somers, Gates and Newport in 
1609. 

Arrival of 170 under Lord Delaware, ip 1610. 
Arrival of 300 under Sir Thosims Gatss in 1610. 

VI. Character. 

Idle, improvident, and dissolute, as before. 

VII. Leaders. 

Lord Delaware, iSiewport. Gates, Soaiers, Wainman, 
Percy, West and Dale. 



VIRGINIA UNDER THiRD CHAPTER, 1612-1624. 

I. Time. 

II. Authority. Tiie London Company. 

III. Charter. Granted by King James I. 
JV. Conditions of Charter. 

1. Abolished the Superior Council and transferred it? 
powers to the stockholders. 2. Stockholders authorized to 
hold public meetings and elect their own officers. 3. Dis- 
cuss and decide all questions of law and right. 4. Full 
power to govern the colony on their own responsibility. — 
This really was a great step toward a democratic form of 
government. The probable cause of this great changj was 
the unprofitableness of the colony from a financial stand- 
point and the bad management by the Council. 

V. Condition and Growth of the Colony. 

Through the wise measures of Yeardley (Gov.) and the 
wisdom of Sa.adys (Treas.) the colony progressed much 
more rapidly than it did under the first two charters. 
Agriculture was encouraged. In 1620, 12G1 persons were 
sent to the colony and by 1623 the colony numbered 2500. 
After spending eighty thousand pounds sterling, the 
London Company, became bankrupt, and ceased to exist 
in 1624, and Virginia became a Royal Province. 



Anvlysis of Amencan II 'sicry. 2 i 

VI. Governors Under this Charter. 

Gates IGlli to 1614; Dale, 1G14 to 1610; Argall, UilG to 
1619 (Deputy); Yeardley, 16n> to 1021 and Wyatt, 1021 to 
1626 



VIRGINIA— THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT. 

I. Royal Government. 

II. Time. 

1024. King James, becoming jealous of the company, 
because of its republican sentiments, took away the 
charter and made Virginia a Royal Province. Henceforth 
the king appointed the governor and the twelve councillors, 
though the colony still retained the assembly and to the 
colonists themselves the change of authorities was scarcely 
perceptible. King James died in 1025; and his son Charles 
I, a stubborn prince, succeeded to the throne. He was 
beheaded in 1049 and the Commonwealth was established. 
This came to an end in 1060 and Charles II, son of Charles 
I, was placed on the throne of England. These were 
times full of trouble, there being mar.y drawbacks to the 
prosperity of Virginia. The affairs of Vir-ginia, for the 
next fifty years are of little interest. But. at the outbreak 
of the French and Indian War Virginia showed to the 
world that the work of her noble founders was not all in 
vain. 

III. Principal Governors. 

Yeardley, West, Harvey, Wyatt, Berkeley, Mathews, 
Culpepper and Nicholson. 

IV. Governments. 

1. Commercial association 1607-1024 

2. Royal Province 1024-1073 

3. Proprietary 167'M684 

4. Royal Province 1084-1776 

V. Events. 

1. Adventures of John Smith 1 007-8 

a. He was the best and truest mxn in th3 colony. 
But the stories related of him are somewhat apocryphal. 



22 Afialysts of American History. 

2. Starving time 1609-10 

a. Colony reduced from 600 to almoyt 60 persons. 

3. Marriage of Pocahontas 1613 

She married J. Rolfe. Went to England. Baptized as 

"Lady Rebecca". Died of smallpox in 1617, leaving one 
son, Thomas Rolfe, who in after years removed to "Virginia. 

4. House of Burgesses .... , 1619 

Established by Yeardley. He divided the James River 
country into eleven boroughs. Each borough having two 
representatives. Only one great benefit was gained — the 
freedom of debate. Wherever that is reccgnized liberty 
must soon follow. It is sometimes called also the first law- 
making body ever convened in America. 

5. Arrival of a cargo of young women 1619. 

They served as wives for the settlers. To pay the cost of 
transportation the settler gave from 120 to 150 lbs. 
of tobacco or about $90. 

6. Slavery introduced 1619. 

Dutch man-of-war offered by auction tweniy Africans. 

7. Sir Edwyn Sandys made treasurer of the colony 1620 

8. A written constitution given by Ihe London Com- 
pany 1621. 

9. Indian massacre 1622. 

Three hundred and forty-seven settlers perished. Out of 
eighty settlements only eight vemained. Jamestown and 
other leading settlements were saved by the revelation 
of the plot by a converted red man, who had a friend h? 
wished to save. 

10. Second Indian massacre 1644 

By surprise on the ISth of Apn!, the Indians attacked the 
frontier settlements and murde^-ed 300 settlers. Opechan- 
canough was captured and dieci a prisoner. The tribes 
purchased peace by the cession of larga tracts of land. 

11. Navigation laws passed 1651 

Law ))rovided that the foreign commerce of Virginia now 
grown into importance, should be carriad wholly in Eng- 
ish vessels, and directed exclusively to English ports. 

12. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. 

13. Lord Berkeley recalled 1677. 



Analysis of American History. 23 

14. Founding of William and Mary's college 1693. 

Founded at Williamsburg, Virginia. It was of great im- 
portance during colonial times. Jefferson, Monroe, and 
Marshal studied there. James li'tiir, M. A., D. D., was the 
first president. 



BACON'S REBELLION. 

I. Time 1676. 

II. Leader Nathaniel Bacon. 

III. Place. Virginia. 

IV. Causes. 

1. Principal. 

a. Ill feeling which had arisen between the patriotic 
and the court pariies. 

2. Subordinate. 

a. Inefficiency in stopping the Indians from coming 
down the James River, b. Restrictions of franchise. 
c. Institution of high tax rates, d. Assembly continued 
to sit without change, and their terms were extended in- 
definately. e. The exclusive ria,ht given in 1673 ,to Lords 
Arlington and Culpepper to go'^-orr. all the "land and water 
called Virginia," for a period o<" ihlrty-one years. 

V. Events. 

The people were worn out vMli, the governor's exactions, 
and availed themselves of the Qrst pretext t^ assert their 
rights by force of arms. Berkeley refused to grant them a 
commission to fight against the Indians. Bacon placed 
himself at the head of five hundred men. The old assem- 
bly was '•roken up, and a nev/ one elected on a basis of 
universal suffrage. Bacon chosen commander-in-chief of 
the Virginia army. Berkeley was compelled to yield 
Berkeley fled to Accomac; here he organized fresh troops 
and threatened the popular pa-.-ty with the English fleet. 
The new assembly now ordered the burning of Jamestown. 
Bacon, seized with fever and died. 

VI. Results. 

1. Property was confiscated; heavy fines and im- 
prisonments inflicted. 



24 Analysis of American History. 

2. Twenty-two rebels hung; three starved to death. 
The most important Hansford, Drummoiid, Cheesman and 
Wilford. 

3. Berkeley recalled. 

4. The cause of the people and the leader were buried 
together. 

5. Indian depredations practically cam? to an end — 
Hansford was the fiiiat man to give his life f )r freedom. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 
Derived from an Indian word meaning "Great Hills." 
I. Early Settlen'ents. 

The first settlement was made on the Elizabeth Islands 
by Gosnold and thirty English colonists, 1602; but it was 
soon abandoned. In 1614 Capt. J. Smith visited and drew 
maps of the coast. 

U. First Permanent Settlement. Plymouth. 
:il. Date: December 21, 1620. (N. S.) 

IV. Colonists. 

1 Number, 102 English Independents, called "The 
Pilgrim Fathers." 

2. Leaders — Carver, Bradford, Alden, Brewster, Cush- 
man and Standish. 

3. Character — Devoted, sell, reliant, industrious and 
rol'gious. 

V. Motive — Entirely Religious. 

VI. Authority. 

Charter received from .James I, through the influence of 
the London Company, with the intention of landing in north- 
ern Virginia, but they were compelled to laud father north. 
On landing they signed the famc;us "Mayflower Compact," 
thus forming the American Constitution. 

VII. Events. 

1. Treaty Avith the Wampanoags, — never broken . .1621. 

2. Weymouth founded, — Thos. Weston, 1622. 

3. Cape Ann settlement founded, — Jno. White 1624. 



Analysis of Ai/ierican History. 25 

4. Proprietary right transferred the Plymouth set- 
tlers,— $9,000 1627. 

5. Massachusetts Bay colony formed 1628. 

a. Statement: 

A company of 60 persons reached Naumkeag to reinforce 
the Conant settlement, made two years before. The name 
was changed to Salem. In 1629 a number of rich English 
Puritans formed the "Company of Massachusetts Bay," and 
having received a charter from Charles I, began to send 
out Puritan emigrants. By this charter Massachusetts was 
ruled for fifty-five years. 

b. Extent of Territory: 

From 3 miles south of the Charles River to 3 miles north 
of the Merrimac, and extending east and west from ocean 
to ocean. 

c. Leaders — Endicott, Higginson and Humphrey. 

6. Arrival of new emigrants — 1,500, Puritans 1630. 

a. Leaders — Winthrop, Vane, Cotton, Hooker, Stone 
and Williams. 

b. Motives and character, — about the same as the 
Pilgrims . 

c. Faith — Puritan and Pilgrim churches. 

7. Right of suffrage restricted to church members 1631. 

8. Roger Williams expelled, 1635. 

9. Representative government established 1634. 

10. Harvard college founded 1638. 

11. Printing p r ess e stablished — Daye 1639 

12. New England synod meets — A. Hutchinson 
banished, 1637. 

12. Growth and development 1620-1640. 

a. Nearly 50 towns. Population over 10,000. Money 

expended nearly $1,000,000. Enterprises — varied. Manufac- 
ture, commerce, arts introduced, ship-building began — 
Wm. Stephens. 

13. "League of 1643" formed, 1643. 

14. Body of Liberties drawn, — N. Ward, 1641. 

15. Public schools established, 1647. 

16. Charter of Liberties abolished by King James II. — 



26 Analysis of American History. 

Andros governor, 1686 . 

17. Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay unite 1692. 

VIII. Government: 

1. Plymouth Association, — under "May llower com- 
pact," 1620-1628 

2. Massachusetts association, 162S-1686 

3. Provincial, 1686-1689. 

4. Modified Charter, 1692-1776 



MAINE, 



Maine formed a part of the grant made by James I, 
to the Plymouth Company; and a permanent settlement was 
made by the English in 1622, near the mouth of the Piscata- 
qua River, at Pemaquid. In 1635 the Plymouth Company 
having resolved to give up its charter to the government, 
divided the territory among its proprietors. Sir Ferdinand 
Gorges taking the whole region between the Piscataqua and 
the Kennebec, of which he subsequently (1639) received a 
formal grant from Charles I, under the title of "the Province 
of Maine." After Gorges died (1647) Maine became (1651) 
a part of Massachusetts and the jurisdiction of that colony 
was confirmed by the provincial charter of 1691, and again 
by the Treaty of 1783. The "District of Maine" as the 
region was then called, continued to hold its political re- 
lations with Massachusetts till 1820; when it was admitted. 
Ever since the treaty of 1783 a dispute has existed between 
the government of the United States and Great Britain as to 
the boundary line between Maine and the British posses- 
sions. The controversy was finally settled in 1842 by the 
famous Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 



THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION. 

I. Date: Ceased at Hartford Sept. 5, 1684. 

II. Purposes: 

1. For protection against the Indians and the Dutch, 
who were secretly aiming to control the land between the 
Hudson and Conn. Rivers. 



Analysts of American History. 27 

2. To act in accordance with the Puritan party in 
England . 

3. For a more rigid enforcement of slavery. 

III. Colonies: 

a. Massachusetts. b. Plymouth. c. New Haven, 
d. Connecticut — Comprised 39 towns, representing a 
population of 24,000. 

IV. Government: 

1. General Assembly — composed of two delegates 
from each colony — elective. 

2. Minor legislation left to the respective colonies — 
liO executive. 

0. Provision for the admission of new colonies — none 
{iccepted. 

4. Only main questions submitted to the General As- 
sembly. 

5. Each colony retained its self-government. 

V. Leaders: 

Winthrop, Dudley, Fenwick, Greyson, Eaton and Hopkins. 

VI. Results: 

1. A closer union of these colonies was for a timn se- 
cured . 



THE SALEM HALLUCINATION. 
(First Colonial Delusion.) 
T. Time from 1671-1693. 

II. Place. Chiefly at Salem, Mass. 

III. Causes: 

The early New Englanders believed that human boings 
could, by compact with Satanic spirits, obtain power to 
suspend the laws of nature and thus injure others. 

Those so possessed were known as witches. And it soon 
1 ecame a means of striking a private enemy by perjury. 
It also became evident, that the accused were to be put to 
death, not for being witches or wizarls. but for denying 
the reality of witchcraft. 



28 Ayialy sis of American History. 

IV. Events: 

A daughter and a niece of Sam Parris, the minister, were 
attaclved with a nervous disorder which rendered them 
partially insane, and old Indian woman was accused of be- 
Avitching them and was whipped until she confessed and 
was afterwards used as a v/itness against others. Nine- 
teen were put to death and about two hundred Imprisoned. 

V. Supporters. 

Phipps, The Mathers, Parris, Sewall, Willard and 
Sloughton. 

Vf. Protestants. 

Thomas Brattle, Robt. Caleb, Rev. Burroughs and Mr. 
Bishop. 

VII. Convicts: 

Knapp, Giles Cory, Mr. and Mrs. Bishop, M. Cory, Cloyce, 
Jlurse, etc. 

VIII. Tribunals Established by Gov. Phipps. 

Court was composed of Tituba, her half-witted Indian 
husband and A. Williams, niece of Gov. Phipps as wltnesse.9; 
Stoughton presiding judge; Parris the prosecutor and C 
Mather a kind of bishop to decide evidence. 

IX. Results. 

It showed the existence of superstition and its re- 
action served to decrease the spirit of intolerance that ex- 
isted. May it ever be hoped that the pages of our history 
will never again be blotted with so dark a stain. Have 
we any such superstition now? 



NOTE — This delusion was not confined to America 
only, but was spread throughout Germany, England, France, 
Switzerland and Scotland. Many thousands were put to 
death during the seventeenth century. 



Analysis of American History. 29 

PUNISHMENT OF THE FRIENDS.. . (Quakers.) 

I. Time: 1656-1660. 

II. Places: 

Mass. Bay., New Haven, Plymouth, Conn., and Virginia, 
colonies. 

III. Causes: 

1. Refusal to take oath in giving testimony in court. 

2. Refusal to give oath to support the government. 

3. Refusal to keep up any form of worship by taxation. 

4. Refusal to do military service or bear arms even In 
self defence. 

5. Peculiarity of dress and manners. 

6. Refusal to give or bear titles. 

IV. Faith. 

May be summed up in one sentence — To obey con- 
science, and, dispensing with forms, to follow literally what 
they understand to be the demands of Christ 

V. Character: 

(May be found in the above sentence.) 

VI. Modes of Punishment: 

Depended upon the number and nature of offences. 
Whipping, loss of one ear; loss of both ears, tongue pierc- 
ed with red-hot irons; banishment, hanging, etc., etc. 
Those that were hanged were— Mary Dyar, Nicholas Davis, 
M. Stephenson, and W. Robinson. They were buried at the 
foot of the scaffold. Those banished were: M. Fisher, A- 
Burden, W. Leddra, A. Austin and W. Christison. 

VII. Results: 

1. The procriptions only served to multiply their num- 
ber and converts. 

2. Showed the spirit of intolerance 



NOTE — History of all times is full of evil scenes. It 
could not be expected that an American colony, founded br 
exiles, pursued by malice and beset with dangers, should 
be wholly exempt from shameful deeds. From that day to 
this Massachusetts has found no better citizens than the 
Quakers . 



30 Afialysis of American History. 

METACOM'S WAR. (King Philip's.) 

I. Time: 1675-76. 

II. Places: 

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut Valley and 
frontier settlements from Maine to the mouth of thd Conn, 
a distance of nearly three hundred miles. 

III. Tribes: . 

Wampanoags — allied tribes — Nipmucks, Narragansetts, 
Mohegans and Conn, tribes. 

IV". Causes: 

1. The encroachments on their lands by the whites. 

2. Failure of new generation to understand the valid- 
ity of the old titles. 

3. Trial and imprisonment of Alexander and other 
chieftains . 

4. Murder of Indian witnesses. 

V. Events: 

Philip was betrayed and shot by a treacherous Indian. 
Cononchet was slain. Swansey, Brookfield, Deerfield, Had- 
ley, Springfield, Lancaster, Medfield, Groton, Marborough, 
Weymouth and other towns were destroyed. The Naria- 
gansetts were almost exterminated. 

VI. Results: 

1. Cost was fully five hundred thousand dollars. 

2. Thirteen towns and six hundred dwellings lay mould- 
ering in ashes. 

3. The sacrifice of the lives of nearly six hundred 
brave settlers. 

4. Indian race was swept out of New England and 
pleaded for their lives. 

5. Colonists returned to their desolated farms to build 
new homes. 



NOTE — Last struggle for homes by the New England 
tribes. 



Analysis of American Histoiy. 31 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 
(Known as the "Grand Alliance" or War of the Palatinate) 
I. Date: 1689-1697. 

IT. Causes: 

This war grew out of the English Revolution of 1688. 
When King James II, abdicated his throne, he found re- 
fuge at the court of Louis XIV, of France. These two 
monarchs were both Catholic and their ideas concerning 
despotic rule were the same. An alliance between them 
was formed by which, Louis XIV agreed to help James II in 
his efforts to recover the English throne. Parliament, mean- 
while, had settled the Crown on William and Mary, his wife, 
thus we see that William was brought into conllict with the 
exiled James II and Louis XIV his confederate. England and 
France immediately went to war. The news of the trouble 
was soon carried across the Atlantic and involved their res- 
pective colonies in the struggle. 

NOTE — The Indians aided the French in this war — ex- 
cept Iroquois. 

III. Events: 

1. Arrival of Count Frontinac — French soldier 1689 

He was made Governor of Canada. 

2. Inhabitants of Dover massacred June 27, 1689 

The Indians in alliance with the French captured Dover, 
murdered R. Waldon, Ivilled twenty- three and dragged 
twenty-nine away captives. 

3. Pemaquid (Bremen) captured August, 1669. 

It was captured by 100 Abnekis Indians after a twj days 
siege. A few escaped — many murdered in the harvest field. 

4. Attack on Schenectady, N. Y.,.. .. February 9, 16'JO. 
Attacked by the French, 60 people were killed and scalped. 
A few escaped to Albany. The town was burned. 

5. Salmon Falls, N. H., ruined by French, Hertel, 
leader 1690 

6. Fort Loyal (Porland, Me.,) captured by French 1690. 

7. Exter captured by French 1G90. 

8. Casco Colony (Me.) taken by French, 1690. 



32 Afialysis of Americati History. 

The French were led by Herlel and Portneuf-settlement 
demolished. 

y. Colonial Congress convened at New York May, 1690. 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New York, were 
represented — Purpose, to devise some plan of attack on the 
French. The three strongholds — Montreal and Quebec in 
Canada and Port Royal, Nova Scotia. Thirty-four vessels 
carrying 2,000 troops were placed under the command of 
Gov. Phipps. He first captured Port Royal and Nova 
Scotia, but the expedition against Quebec failed. Massa- 
chusetts was compelled to issue paper money to cover the 
expense of the expedition — first of its kind in America. 

jO. Villieu captures Durham — 94 prisoners, 1694. 

11. Castin captures Pemaquid, 1696 

12. Castine taken — 100 prisoners, 1694. 

13. Groton captured, 1696 

14. Harverhill massacre, 1697 

About 40 persons scalped and the rest captured among them 
was Mrs. Dustin, her nurse and a boy, named Leonardson. 
In return they murdered their captors. 

IV Results: 

a. Ireaty signed at Ryswick, Holland, Sept. 10, 1797. 

b. William was acknowledged as the rightful sovereign 
of England. 

c. Boundary lines remained the same. 

d. Massachusetts issues paper money. 



QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 
or (War of Spanish Succession.) 

I. Date: 1702-1713. 

II. Causes: 

In 1700, the King of Spain, Charles II, died, leaving 
his crown to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. 
"There are no longer any Pryenees," was Louis's exultant 
epigram, meaning of course, that France and Spain were 
now practically one. England and Holland became alai'm- 
ed at this virtual consolidation of these two powerful king- 



Analysis of A))ier ican JIisto>y. 3 3 

doms and began to form a second, "Grand Alliance" against 
France, the object of wnlch was to dethrone Philip of Aujoii 
and place upon the Spanish throne Charles, Archduke of 
Austria. The news of this dispute, also, spread to theii" res- 
pective colonies. 

III. Events: 

1. The Five Nations form a treaty with both French 

and English, 1701 

They formed a great barrier between New York and Canada. 
The Abenekis also, made a treaty but were over persuaded 
bj' P'rench Jesuits. 

2. English e.xpedition against St. Augustine, — failure. 
1702. 

3. Deerfield captured by 300 French and Indians 1704. 
Thirty-seven inhabitants killed and 100 made captives 

4. French and Spanish expedition against Charleston — 
failure, 1706 . 

5. Reduction of Port Royal attempted — English. .1707. 
Baron Castin defended it. English withdrew. 

6. Second attempt 10 capture Port Royal — successful, 

1710. 

The English had 36 vessels and 4 regiments of troops. 
Subercase had control of the French. By this conquest 
France lost all of Nova Scotia and Port Royal was named 
Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne. 

7. English Gen. Nicholson marches against Montreal — 
failure, « 1711 

8. English Gen. Walker prepares to take Quebec — 

failure, 1711 

There were 15 men-of-war and 40 transports placed under 
his command. Eight of his best vessels and S84 of his men 
were lost. By his dallying cowardice the campaign of 1711 
came to a shameful end 

IV. Results: 

a. Treaty of peace signed, April 11, 1713, at Utrecht, 
Holland. 

b. French cessions — New Found land and the adjacent 
islands. Labrador, Hudson Bay and Straits and the whole 
of Acadia (Nova Scotia.) 



34 Analysis of American History. 

^ 3. Spanish Cessions — England received riglit to supply 

Spanish America with negroes for thirty years. (About 300,- 
000 were brought between 1713 and 1776). Spain agreed not 
to transfer any land or loardship in America. 



KING GEORGE'S WAR. 
or (War of Austrian Succession. ) 

I. Date: 1744-1748. 

II. Causes: 

1. After the death of Charles VI, of Austria, 1740, the 
balance of power was again imperiled. There were two 
great claimants to the crown of the empire — Marie Theresa 
daughter of the late emperor, and Charles Albert of Bavaria. 
Each had their friends; war followed. Most European 
nations were at war, as usual. England and France were 
arrayed against each other. The trouble soon spread to 
their respective colonies across the Atlantic. 

2. Disputed boundary lines. 

3. Salic law. 

III. Events: 

1. Capture of Louisburg June 17, 1745 

Siege lasted from May 1 to .lune 17. The English land 
force numbering 3,250 was commanded by Peperell, Johnson, 
Gridley and Vahn and the fleet numbering about 100 vessels 
by Commodor Warren. The French became mutinous. 
After five attempts the city fell into the hands of fhe 
p]nglish. Louisburg had previously been called, "The Gib- 
ralter of America." This battle had two important results, 
a. It freed the New England fisheries from the piratical ex- 
peditions of the French, b. Inspired the English to a more 
united action. 

2. Tne French attempts to recapture Louisburg — fail- 
ure, 174G 

The French leader, Duke d'Anville died. His successor 
committed suicide. 

3. Second attempt to capture Louisburg — failure 1747. 
Their squadron was captured by Warren and Anson. 



Analysis of American History. 3 5 

IV. Results: 

a. Treaty signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, western Germany 
1748. 

b. The boundaries between the two belligerent nations 
were left undetermined. 

c. Louisburg and Cape Breton restored to the French 
this gave great offense to the New Englanders — mutual re- 
storation of conquests — nothing gained. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

I. Date: 1754-1763. 

II. Causes: 

1. Remote — 

a. The conflicting territorial claims. 

b. The long-standing animosity of France and England. 

2. Immediate — 

a. The conflct between the frontiersmen of the rival 
nations. 

III. Acts (Influencing.) 

a. Erection of French Forts in the interior. 

b. Organization of the Ohio company. 

c. Exploration of the Ohio Basin. 

IV. Events: 

1. Washington and St. Pierre conference at Ft. Le 
Boeuf— failure, 1753 

2. Trent's erection of a fort on th9 sight of Pittsburg 
1754. 

0. Fort Duquesne built — French, 1754. 

4 For; Necessity built — Col. Washington, 1754. 

5. Battle of Gt. Meadows — first blood shed of the 

war 1754. 

Jumonville and ten of his party were killed. Twenty-one 
prisoners. 

G. Fort NecessUy attacked July 4, 1751. 

Washington commanded 400 men. Loss 30. The French 
General De Villiers commanded 600. Washington defeated. 

7. Albany convention — "Join or Die,".... July 10, 1754. 

1. Purposes: 



^6 Analysts of American History. 

a. To renew the ti-eaty with the Iroquiois confederacy. 

b. To bring about a closer union of the colonies — 
concerted action. 

2. Prominent Members: 

a. Franklin, Hutchinson, Hopkins, Delancey, etc. 

3. Representation — Colonies. 

a. N. H.; R. I.; Conn.; Penn. ; and Md. 

4. Results: 

a. The Iroquois renewed their treaty. 

b. The plan of union was rejected by the colonies on 
the ground that it was too aristocratic; by England, because 
it was too democratic. 

c. It formed a step toward the final constitution. 

8. Braddock convention, — Alexandria,.. April 14, 1755. 

9. .T'ive great points in view by the British generals: 

a. Capture of Ft. Duquesme — thus saving Virginia, 
and Pennsylvania. 1. Braddock. 2. Washington. 3. 
Forbes. 

b. Gain Louisburg and Acadia — thus securing New 
Foundland fisheries. 1. Monchton. 2. Loudon. 3. Amherst 

c. Gain Ticonderogo and C. Point — thus leaving their 
route unguarded. 1. Abercombie. 2. Johnson. 

d. Capture Niagara — thus breaking up the lake fur 
trade. 1. Shirley. 2. Johnson. 

e. Capture of Quebec — thus gaining control of the 
St. Laurence River. 1. Wolfe. 

10. First expedition against Ft. Duquesne — failure 1755. 
Braddock led 1,200 men. Loss, 777. He was mortally 
wounded. The French and Indians numbering about 867 
"were led by Beaupeu and Dumas. Loss, almost 75. 

11. Second expedition against Ft. Duquesne, — success- 
ful, 1758 

Forbes led, but the success was wholly due to Washington. 

12. War in Acadia, — Laurence 1755 

13. Louden's attempt to capture Louisburg — failure, 
1757. 

14. Second attempt to capture Louisburg, — success- 
ful, .Tuly 28, 1758. 

15. Battle of Lake George, 1755 



Anvlysis of Aviencan H 'siory. 3 7 

16. Ticonderogo attacked — failure 1758 

17. Fort Frontenac (Kiugston) captured — Col. Brad- 
street, 1758 

18. Fort Ticonderoga^ and Crown Point evacuated, 
July, 1759. 

19. The capture of Niagara attempted — Shirley, 1755. 

20. Niagara captured, — Prideaux, July 25, 1759 

21. Point Levi taken, — Monckton, June 29, 1759 

22. Capture of Quebec, Sept. 18, 1759 

The English General Wolfe commanded 8,000 men; to this 
was added a fleet of 44 vessels. Montcalm, the French 
commanded 10,000 men. Both generals were killed. Quote 
the last words of each. 

23. Montreal taken, — Amherst, Sept. 8, ]7G0. 

VI. Commanders-in-chief: 

a. French: 

Baron Dieskau, Marquis de Montcalm, St. Pierre. 
Vaurdeuil. 

b. English: 

Braddock, Shirley, Loudon, Abercomble, Amherst. 

c. Provincial Leaders: 

AVashington, Gates, Putman, Morgan, Arnold, Stark, 
Montgomery. 

VII. Treaty: Signed, Feb. 10, 1763; at Paris, France. 

Provisions. — Principal — 

1. France ceded to England Canada, Cape Breton and 
all the islands, except (Miquelon and St. Pierre) around 
the Gulf of St. Lawrwence together with the river. 

2. All the lands east of the Mississippi from its source 
to the Iberville River, and thence through Lake Maurepas 
and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico; were ceded to 
England, (Except N. O.) 

3. Spain ceded East and West Florida to Great 
Britain in return for Havana. England renounced her pre- 
tensions to Cuba in favor of Spain. 

4. France ceded to England all her possesions west of 
Mississippi River including the city of New Orleans. 



38 Analysis of American llisiory. 

VIII. General Results of Inter-Colonial Wars: 

a. Inspired the colonies with new strength and united 
their powers, b. Trained many resolute men for the Revo- 
lutionary War. c. By removing the dangers of France; 
they depended more on themselves and cared less for the 
aid of the mother country, d. Gave rise to western settle- 
ments by clearing the west of rival and hostile forces, 
e. Her vast territory proved to much for her to control 
to an advantage, f. Allowed the colonies freedom of trade 
during the war and later upon passing, obnoxious laws tbey 
were more strongly persisted. 

IX. Evil Results: 

a. Cost the colonists 30,000 men and $11,000,000. 

b. Gave England a greater chance for expansion. 

c. Colonists had borne the greater part of the expenses. 

d. Suffered untold borrows of Indian barbarity. 

e. Caused England to attempt to tax the colonies and 
con^-o! the trade. 



PONTIAC CONSPIRACY. 

I. Time: May 7, 1763-1764. 

II. Place: Southern and Western Sides of Lake Erie. 

III. Leader: Pontiac. — Ottaway Chief. 

IV. Tribes: 

Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Objibevvas, Wyandotts, Dela- 
wares, Hurons, Senacas, Algonquins and Chippeways, numb- 
ering about 2,000 warriors. 

V. English Leaders: 

Rogers, Dalzell, Gladwyn, Gordon and Boquet and 
Bradstreet. 

VI. Causes: 

1. Incited by French fur-traders and missionaries. 

2. AVrong treatment after the battle of Ft. Duquesne. 

3. Failure to understand that the territory had really 
passed into the hands of the English. 



Analysis of American History. 39 

VII. Results: 

Forts Michelimackinac, Sandusky, St. Joseph, Quatanoir 
Prasquie and three others were burned. Pitt, Niagara and 
Detroit were saved. Battle of blood ridge fought. Con- 
quered by Boquet. British lost in all about 2,000 men. 
Indians becoming alarmed at their own airocities, sued for 
peace. Signed 1764. Pontiac was killed by a Kaskaskia 
Indian on the present site of St. Louis 1769. 



NEW YORK, NAMED IN HONOR OF THE DUKE OF YORK. 

I. Date: 1623. 

II. Place: New Amsterdam. (New York.) ♦ 

III. Authority: Dutch West India Company. 

IV. Colonists: 

They were refugees from Belgium, called Wallonos. 
Leader — May. Numbers — about 30 families. Religion — 
same as the Huguenots. Name of vessel — New Netherland. 
Character — Industrious and religious. 

V. Purposes: « 

1. To enlarge the area of Holland. 

2. To establish religious freedom in the New World. 

VI. Events: 

1. Albany founded (Ft. Orange)— Jarris— 18 families 
1623. 

2. Civil Government established — May and Verhulst, 
directors, 1624. 

3. Peter Minuit appointed governor, 1626 to 1633 

He purchased Manhattan Island for $24. Area 14,000 acres. 

4. Charter of Privileges created — West India Company, 
1629. 

1. Statement: 

a. New Netherland was divided into five estates. 
Each estate was to be governed by a Patroon (Proprietor.) 
If he settled on one side of the river only, he was to have 
sixteen miles of water front; if on both sides eight miles. 



40 Analysis of American History. 

2. Requirements of the Patroon: 

a. Estate to be held in strict obeyance to Holland; 
after being honorably purchased from the Indians. 

b. To establish at least fifty persons on the estate 
within four years and pay the cost of their passage. 

c. Provide all necessaries for running the estate — a 
small rent was allowed but free from taxation. 

3. Requirements of the Emigrant: 

a. To cultivate the land for ten years and not to leave 
it without permission. 

b. To give the Patroon the first chance to buy what- 
ever he had to sell. 

c. All questions of dispute concerning property and 
rightj was to be settled by the Patroon. 

5. Indian troubles, 1631-32 

6. New York under Wouter Van Twiller,. .1633 to 1637 

7. Conn. River troubles — Dutch and English ..1633-35 

8. New York under William Kiefl, 1638-1647 

9. Trouble with the Swedes — Delaware, 1638-1640. 

10. Indian Troubles, '. 1640-45 

Cause — Unjust treatment by Kieft — Drunkeness and 

fraud. The Dutch with the aid of the Mohawks caused al- 
most a complete massacre of the imwarlike Algoquins 
around New Amsterdam. Defenseless women wer^^ ' 
without pity — children drowned. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson' 
burned alive. Capt. J. Underbill assumed command of 
the Dutch forces, 1643 — Delaware reduced. Treaty made 
at New Amsterdam August 30, 1645. 

11. Rebellion of De Uries, 1636-37 

The authority of Kieft resisted. Kieft removed by the 

Dutch West India Company. Lost at sea, off the coast of 
Wales, during his voyage. 

12. New York under Peter Stuyvesant 1647-1664. 

13. Indians conciliated 1647 

14. Boundary line betweeen N. Netherland and N. 
England established 1650 

15. Conquest of New Sweden -.1651-1655 

16. Indian Troubles, 1663-64 

17. New Amsterdam captured by the English and 



Analysis of American History. 4 1 

name changed to New York in honor of the Duke of York, 
3 664. 

18. R. Nicolls appointed governor, (superseded by 
Lovelace 1667) 1664 

10. Recouquest of New York by the Dutch — held 15 
months, 1673 

20. Sir Edmund Andros appointed governor, 1674 

21. T. Dongon appointed governor — Andros deposed 
1683. 

22. Treaty with the Iroquois, — Albany, 1684. 

23. Charter of Liberties abrogated, 1685 

24. Andros becomes governor of New Eiigland, ..1686. 

25. Leisler insurrection, 1688-90. 

26. Ingoldsby and Leisler trouble — Sloughter governor, 
1691. 

27. Leisler and Milbourne executed — Dudley's decis- 
ion, May 16, 1691. 

28. Sloughter's death — Fletcher succeeds 1692 

29. Episcopal church established, 1693. 

30. BoUomont succeeds Fletcher, 1696 

31. Piracy of Capt. Wm. (or Robert) Kidd, 1690-99. 

While in command of the vessel "Adventure" he 

turned pirate. He was arrested in Boston, sent to Lon- 
don and executed. The distribution of his vast amount of 
ill-gotten wealth remains a mystery. 

32. Lord Cornbury succeeds Fletcher, 1702. 

33. Civil dissentions in the colony 1702-08 

34. Cornbury removed — Lovelace succeeds — Burnett, 
1708. 

35. Burnett succeeded by Crosby, 1732. 

36. Dispte between the democratic and aristocratic 

parties, 1832-35 

The main question of dispute was the freedom of the press. 
The aristocratic party held that nothing of a distasteful 
character concerning the government should be published. 
Zenger, an editor who had been guilty of such was impris- 
oned. Great excitement prevailed. Zenger was defended by 
Andrew Hamilton a noted Philadelphia lawyer. The case 
was argued at New York. Zenger was acQuitted and the 



42 Analysis of American History. 

freedom of the press established. This was the nrst trial 
of libel in America. 

37. Negro Plot — Second colonial delusion, 1740. 

In New York several destructive fires haOJ occurred, 
which led the people to think that they were of an incendiary- 
nature. Slaves were at once suspected as they constituted a 
large part of the population. Mary Burton, a servant and 
others furnished some contradictory evidence about thirty 
of the accused slaves were either hanged or burned to death 
and about fifty were sent to the West Indies. It was after- 
wards believed that no plot ever existed. 

VII. Government: 

1. Dutch West India Company, 1623-1664. 

2. Proprietary under the English, 1664-1685. 

3. Royal Province under the English 1685-1776. 



NEW .HAMPSHIRE, .NAMED IN HONOR. OF HAMPSHIRE, 

ENGLAND. 

I. Territorial Grant: 

In 1622 '"The Council for New England" made a grant of 
land between the Merrimac, the Kennebec, the ocean and the 
river of Canada to Sir Ferdinand Grorges and John Mason, 
who then called their territory Laconia. 

II. Early Settlements: 

Portsmouth, 1623; Dover, 1623; Exeter, 1638. 

III. Division and Further Settlement of Territory 1629 

By the new grants made 1629; the territory given to 
Gorges was to extend from the Piscataqua River to the 
Kennebec, and from the ocean to a line drawn between the 
two rivers at a distance of one hundred and twenty-five 
miles from their mouths and known as Maine (mainland) all 
the territory west belonged to Mason. 

IV. Events: 

1. Conflicting grants — Wheelright and Mason, ....1629 

2. Union of New Hampshire and Mass., 1642 

3. Mason's claims investigated 1677 

4. New Hampshire becomes a royal province, 1679 



Analysts oj American 1 hslov] . 43 

5. Portsmouth Convention — CransfieJd's despotism 1682 
0. Trouble at Exeter and Hampton — tax IGSIL 

7. Andros appointed governor, 1686 

8. Portsmoutli Convention — New Hampshire re-an- 
nexed 1690 

9. Annexation annulled, 1692 

10. Bellomont appointed governor, 1698 

The two provinces remained under a single executive for 

nearly forty-two years, yet their legislative assemblies were 
held separate. 

11. Final separation of Merrimac colonies, 1741 

12. Mason's patent transferred, — Allen and Usher. 1691 

13. Londonberry founded — 700 Irish — Linen manufac- 
ture, 1719 

V. Religion; 

Church of England. 

VI. Colonists: 

Mass and Scotch-Irish emigrants. 

Note — New Hampshire suffered more from Indian rava- 
ges than any other New England colony. This was proba- 
bly due to its feeble settlement and the exposure of the ter- 
ritory. It IS especially true of King Philip's war and the 
wars of ^\'illiam, Anne and George. 



VERMONT. 

The first white settlement in what is now Vermont was 
made in 1724 at Ft. Dummer, near the present site of Battle- 
boro, though more than a century previously 1609 the re- 
gion had been visited by Champlain, a French officer whose 
name was given to the lake. The fertile lands along the 
upper Connecticut, Winooski and Otter Creek began to at- 
tract attention about the middle of the eighteenth century 
and in 1768 one hundred and thirty-eight townships had been 
granted by the British governor, Wentwor^n of New Hamp- 
shire, who claimed the soil. At this time the region west 
of Connecticut River that is Vermont was known as the 
"New Hampshire Grants." In 176.3 a claim to the territory 
was set up by the royal governor of New York, and the 



44 Analysis of American History. 

king decided in favor of New York. Acts of hosility toward 
the New York outhorities followed in consequence of their at- 
tempting to eject the settlers from their lands; and in 1777 
the people of Vermont declared themselves independent, 
drew up a state constitution, elected a governor and state 
officers and applied for admission into the confederacy, but 
were refused. Though not recognized as an independent 
commonwealth during the war of the revolution, Vermont 
maintained an independent government, and took an earn- 
est part in the struggle for freedom. In the actions at 
Ticonderogo and Crown Point, and at Bennington, Stillwater 
and Hubbardstown, the "Green Mountain Boys" won an 
illustrious name. The troubles with New York were settled 
in 1790 and on March 4, 1791 after maintaining an indepedent 
state for thirteen years, Vermont was admitted into the 
union. 

STATE HISTORY — Vermont was the first state received 
into the union in addition to the original thirteen. She at 
once began a career of prosperity beyond that of other 
states. In the war of 1812 the "Vermont Volunteers" took 
an active part in the battle of Plattsburg and the naval 
conflict on Lake Champlain. In the war of Secession, 1861- 
1865, the state also took a prominent part sending to the 
field many thousands of admirable troops. The state con- 
stitution was amended in 1828, 1836, 1850, 1870 and 1888. 



.CONNECTICUT. Indian Name for Long River. 

I. Date: 1633. 

II. Place: Windsor. 

III. Territorial Grant. 

Bounded on the east by the Narrangansett River; on 
the north, by a straight line drawn from that line westerly; 
on the south by the seashore for 120 miles, and on the west, 
by the South Sea. (Pacific Ocean.) 

IV. Colonists: 

Massachusetts Puritans. Leaders — Holmes, Hooker, 
Winthrop, Eaton, Davenport and Haynes. 



Analysis of American History. 45 

Events: 

1. Hartford founded — 60 Puritans, leader, Hooker 1635. 

2. Saybrook founded, — Winthrop, leader 1635. 

3. New Haven founded — Leaders, Davenport and Eaton 
1638. 

4. Pequod War, 1637 

5. Constitution adopted. Colonies — Windsor, Wethers 
field and Hartford, 1639 

1. Object: 

a. "To maintain the peace and union" of the colonial 
settlements. 

2. Chief Clauses: 

a. Legislative powers vested in the assembly; repre- 
sentation according to population, b. All religious creeds 
respected, c. Officers elected by the people and chosen 
annually, d. No foreign authority recognized, e. Settlers 
to become citizens by taking the oath of allegiance. — First 
v.'ritteii constitution in America by which a union was form- 
ed. 

6. League of 1643 — "United Colonies of New England," 
1643. 

7. Conn, and N. Haven united, 1644 

8. Western boundary line established — peace,. .. .1650 

9. New charter granted — Winthrop, (continued in 
force until 1818) 1663 

10. Conflicting grants — Andros and Bull, 1675. 

11. Andros appointed governor of N. England. .. .1686 

12. The charter of Conn, demanded— Andros, 1687 

Gov. Treat resisted. Charter Oak — The historical tree in 
which the Conn. Charter was hidden by Wadsworth, stood on 
the land Samuel Wallys. It was blown down in 1856. A 
marble tablet marks the spot. Th^ story of the hidden 
treasure may be doubted. 

13. The subversion of Conn, attempted — Fletcher and 
Wadsworth 1693 

14. Yale college founded. A. Pearson, first president 
1701. 



46 Analysis of American History. 

VI. Government: 

By the people 1639-1663 

Charter— Liberal 1663-1818 



PEQUOD WAR. 
I. Date: 1636-37. , 
If Place: Conn. 

Hi. Cause: 

The threat of the Indians to destroy the white intrud- 
ers, led the legislative assembly, which met at Hartford to 
Oeclaro wai against them. 

IV Comparative Numbers: 

Inoiaus '."GO; Whites, 180. 

V Statement. 

The white forces numbering about eighty men were 
placed under the command of Capt. John Mason and Capt. 
Underbill. They were joined by about seventy Mohegans. 
who hostile to the Pequods starting from Hartford they 
marched to Saybrook and then sailed up the Sound to 
AVickford (R. I.) where they landed. Marching from there 
down through the Narragansett country they met the Pe- 
quods in their strong-hold near Groton, on Mystic River. 

VI. Battle: 

Fought May 25, 1637. The victory for the w'aites was 
complete; nearly 600 Indians perished, many of whom were 
burned to death, only seven escaped. Sassacus, escaped 
but was afterward murdered. The whites lost two killed 
and twenty wounded. The remnant of their tribe was near 
ly all annihilated in the battle of Fairfield Swamp (L. I.) 
find the confederacy was completely broken. 



Analysis of /hncncan History. 47 

RHODE ISLAND. 
Named After the Isle of Rhodes in Mediterranean Sea. 

I. Date: 1536. 

II. Place: F'rovidence. 

III. Leader: Roger Williams and five companions. 

IV. Territory : 

I'urchased by Williams from Canonicus and Miantono- 
moh. 

V. Motive: 

To secure a safe retreat for all the distressed and per- 
secuted, beyond the limits of Plymouth. 

VI. Events: 

1. Pequod Conspiracy — Williams, 1637 

2. Portsmouth founded, island of Aquidneck 1638 

Founded by exiles from Mass. Leaders — Anne Hutchinson, 
Coddington, Clarke, Wheelwright, Aspinwall and others. 

3. Rise of the Antinomians — Anne Hutchinson, . .1638 

4. Newport founded, — Coddington and others 1638 

5. Coddington's new government — "Democracie," 1641 

6. "League of 1643" founded, 1643 

Rhode Island applied for admission, but was rejected by the 
older and stronger colonies on the grounds that they were 
already under the jurisdiction of Plymouth. 

7. New Charter secured — Williams, 1644 

Williams secui'ed from Parliament a patent under which 
al the colonies of R. I. were united under the name of, 
"The Corporation of Providence Plantations in the Narra- 
g.ansett Bay New England." 

8. First general assembly — Portsmouth, 1647 

9. Coddington attempts a division — failure 1651 

10. Charles II grants a new charter — Geo. Baxter 1663 
By the provisions, the government was placed entirely in 
the hands of the people — "Democracie." It remained in 
force until 1843. 

11. Andros assumes control — discontent, 1686 

12. Andros deposed. — Henry Bull becomes governor 
1689. 



48 Analysis of American Hisiory. 

VII. Government: Charter. 

VIII. Religion: 

Perfect religious liberty was allowed in this colony In 
which all wave to be protected alike. — First instance of per- 
fect religious freedom in America 



MARYLAND. 
Named in Honor of Henrietta Maria. 

I. Date: 1634. 

II. Place: St. Marys — ten miles from the mouth of the St. 
Mary's river. 

III. Colonists: 

Roman Catholics 200 in number. Leonard Calvert, 
leader. 

IV. Motives: 

1. To found an asylum of rest for the persecuted 
Catholics. 

2. To establish- religious toleration and popular liberty. 

V Trrritcy: 

Toiinded by a line drawn due south from the 40th para- 
lell to the most western source of the Potomac; and then 
along this river to its mouth and then due east to the 
Atlantic Ocean. Including now the present states of Md. 
and Del., and a large portion of Penn., and N. J. 

VI. Growth: 

Very rapid. 

VII. Events: 

1. Colonial legislation begun 1635 

2. Claiborne's Rebellion, 1635-1645 

3. Representative Government established, 1639 

4. Indian troubles, 1642-1644 

5. Toleration act passed, 1649 

It declared that no person professing belief in Jesus Christ, 
"shall in any way be troubled, or molest3d, for or in respect 
of their religion, nor in the fi'ee exercise thereof." 



Ana/j'sis of American History. 49 

C. Legi&lative body divided into two braches, . . . . 16i.'>0 

7. Patiiamentai-y commissioners appointed — Stone re- 
D oved, IG51 

8. The Protestant and Catliolic difficulty — Patuxent 
Convention," 1654 

1. Causes: 

a. Protestants abused their right of power. 

b. They ignored the hereditary rights of the proprietor. 

c. Assailed his religion. 

d. Excluded Catholics from the assembly. 

e. Declared them outside the protection of the law. 

2. Result: 

Civil war followed with alternate victories. Two yovern- 
loents were exercising authority. Protestants at Lejia'l- 
town; Catholics at St. Mary's. Battle near Amapoiis robult- 
ec' in a Catholic defeat. Fifty Catholics killed, ihrce court- 
martialed and Gov. Stone himself captured. Finally in 
March, 1658 a compromise was affected. Fendall made gov- 
enor. 

9. Death of Sir Cecil Calvert, succeeded by his son, 
Charles, 1675 

10. Protestant and Catholic difficulty 1689 

Protestants triumphed and for two years the civil authority 
was exercised by the Convention of Associates. 

11. Government changed by King William — uopiey ap- 
pointed 1691 

12. Restoration of the Catholics, — Queen Anne, ...1715 

VIII. Government: 

1. Pure Democracy, 1634-1639 

2. Proprietary, 1639-1691 

3. Royal Province 1691-1715 

4. Proprietary, 1715-1770 



50 Analysts of American Histoiy. 

CLAIBORNE'S REBELLION. 
L Date: First, 1635-6 Second 1645. 
II. Place: Maryland — Kent Island. 

HI. Cause: 

1. QiO\. Harvey of Va., had given Wm. Claiborno a com- 
mission to explore Chesapealve Bay with a view of establish- 
ing a trade with the Indians, thus, conflicting with the 
grant made by King James to Lord Baltimore, (Sir. Geo. Cal- 
vert.) 

2. Lord Baltimore's demand for Claiborne's allegiance. 

IV. Events. 

A bloody conflict took place in 1637 on the banks of the 
Wemico River in which several were killed. Claibome was 
defeated and fled into Virginia. He returned in 1644 and 
in 1645 the rebellion broke out anew and the government of 
Calvert was overthrown; but in the follow.n^ yeir (Aug. 

1646) he succeded in restoring his authority. Later (1651 
trouule broke out between Clairborne and Gov. Stone in 
which Clairborne finally succeeded in establishing his power 
Clairborne has been well styled, '"The Scourge of Maryland." 



DELAWARE. (New Sweden.) 
Named in Honor of L. Delaware. 
)^ I. Date: 1638. 

II. Place: 

Christiana, situated on a small tributary of the Dela- 
ware, about six miles from the bay and named in honor of 
the maiden queen of Sweden. 

III. Authority: 

King Adolphus of Sweden in 1626, organized the Swed- 
ish West India Company and placed Willem Usselinx at its 
head. But at the battle of Lutzen, 1632 the Swedish king 
was killed. Oxenstiern, the great Swedish minister, took up 
the work that King Adolphus left uniinished anin 1637 
formed a new company and entrusted it5 management to 



Analysts of American History. 51 

Peter Miiiuit, who haa recently entered the service of Swe- 
den. The colony was very prosperous. 

IV. Motives: 

1. To form an asylum for persecuted Protestants. 

2. To extend the Swedish commerce. 

V. Territorial Grant: 

All the land along the Delaware River and Bay from 
Cape Henlopen (Point of Paradise) to the falls at Trenton, 
was honorably purchased from the Indians. This territory 
is sometimes styled, "The three lower counties on the 
Delaware." 

VI. Events. 

1. Dutch attempt a settlement, (temporary) 1629 

2. Tinicum Island fortified — Gov. Printz 164j» 

3. Dutch Fort, Casimer, taken by Swedes 1652 

4. Subjugated by the Dutch 1655 

Governor Stuyvesant with a force of about 600 men — a 

number equal to about the entire population of New Swe- 
den — landed at New Castle and resistance was hopeless. 
Gov. Rising was captured and the entire colony was forced 
to capitulate. Submission was almost universal and honor- 
able terms were granted to all. 

5. Granted to Duke of York by Charles II 1664 

6. Taken by the English under Nicolls — Nicolls, 

first governor 1664 

7. Duke of York disposes of it to VVm. Penn 1681 

8. Legislative powers granted to the people 1703 

It remained a part of Pennsylvania until 1776, when 

war broke out against Great Britain, the people declared 
themselves free and independent. Though the second small- 
est state in the Union, Delaware was the first to accept the 
National Constitution in 1787. 



$2 Analyst's of A))ierican History. 

NEW JERSEY (ISLAND OF JERSEY.) 

I. Date 1664. 

II. Place: 

First at Elizabethtown; Second, Newark 1666; Third, 
Burlington 1667. 

III.. .Territory — Divided 1676. 

In 1664 the Duke of York granted all of what is now New 
Jersey to Lord John Berkley and Sir George Cartaret. In the 
patent the name New Caesaria. or New Jersey was. given. 
Philip Cartaret first governor. The territory was divided 
into East and West Jersey, Berkley owningWest Jersey, he 
sold it in 1674 to two Quakers Edward Byllinge and John 
Fenwick for $5,000. Penn and other Quakers purchased 
Byllinge's share and founded Burlington. Alter Cartaret's 
death East Jersey was offered at auction. It was purchased 
by Wm. Penn and eleven others, probably all Quakers. Rob- 
ert Barcley, first governor, (ruled by deputj > 1681 

IV. Religion: 

In this colony there was a strong mixture of beliefs, 
among which were; Baptist dissenters, Quakers, Royalists 
andPuritans. 

V. Capitals: 

1. West Jersey— Burlington. 

2. East Jersey — a. Elizabethtown, b. Perth Amboy. 

YI. Punishments: 

1. East Jersey — The laws were very severe owing to 
Puritan influence — 13 crimes punishable by death. 

2. West Jersey — capital punishment prohibited. 

VII. Boundaries Between the Provinces: 

A line drawn from Little Egg Harbor northeast to the 
Delaware 41 degrees 40 minutes north latitude. 

VIII. Government: 

The proprietors resigned all rights to the crown and the 
provinces united, 1702. It was under the governors of New 



Analysis of American History. 5 5 

York. But retained a separate legislature until 1738, after 
whicli it was given a government of its own. 

1. Proprietary 1664 to 1685 

2. Ruled, by New York governors 168.} to 1702 

3. Royal province 1702 to 177G- 



THE CAROLINAS. 

Named in Honor of Charles II. 

I. Territorial Grant: 

Charles II. issued in 1663-65, a patent to Lord Clarendon. 
Lord High Chancellor of England; General Monk, Duke of 
Albemarle; Ashley Cooper, Lord Shaftesbury; Lord Craven; 
Sir John Colleton; Sir George Carteret; Lord Berkeley and 
Sir Wm. Berkeley for all the land between the thirty-sixth 
parallel and the river St. Johns, Florida, and extending west- 
ward to the Pacific Ocean, now occupied by the Carolinas 
and Georgia. This conflicted both with the Spanish and 
French claims. The territory was divided into North and 
South Carolina in 1729. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

I. Date: 1663. 

II. Place: Albemarle Sound. 

III. Colony: 

Albemarle County Colony — Wm. Drummond. governor. 

IV. Events: 

1. Clarendon Colony founded 1664 

It was made up of planters from the Barbadoes, Claren- 
don county was laid out. Sir John Yeamans, governor. 
Growth, rapid. Eight hundred emigrants the first year. 

2. "Grand Model" — Fundamental Constitution 1669 

a. It divided the Carolinas into districts of 480,000 acres 
each. 

b. Political rights depended upon hereditary wealth. 

c. The people could not hold ofllce. 

d. It provided for two grand orders of nobility. 



54 Analysis of American History. 

e. Could not leave their homes without permission. 

f. The control of settlers was purchased with the soil. 

g. It also provided for dukes, earls, marqiuses, knights, 
lords, esquires, baronial courts and heraldic ceremonies. 

Note — This form of government was very complex, the 
colonists could not even understand it. Its only effect was 
to destroy what little government already existed. It con- 
tained 120 distinct clauses. Never went Into actual operation 
and was given up in 1693. It was drawn up by Jno. Locks. 

3. Arrival of emigrants — Virginia patriots 1676 

4. Revenue Insurrection — Jno. Culpepper, Ieader.l676-Y9 

5. Seth Sothel appointed governor— dissensions. .1683-89 

6. Gary Rebellion— Test Act difficulty 1705 

7. Arrival of Huguenots 1707 

8. Tuscarora War 1711-13 

9. The Carolinas divided 1729 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

I. Date: 1670. 

II. Place: .Charleston. 

III. Colony: 

Carteret Colony — Leaders, Joseph West and Wm. Sayle. 

IV. Events: 

1. Port Royal Settled — Scotch Presbyterians, Leader, 

Lord Cardross 1684 

Great Huguenot Immigration 1684-97 

Quit Rents 1695 

Church of England Established 1704 

Siege of Charleston by French and Spanish troops, 

failure 1706 

Yamassees War 1715 

Revolution in government affairs 1719 

Proprietary rights transferred to the Crown. .. .1729 



V. Prineipal Governors (North Carolina): 

Drummond, Yeamans, Miller, Sothel, Ludwell and 
Walker. 



Anvlysis of Avicrtcan U 'siovy. 5 5 

VI. Principal Governors (South Carolina): 

Sayle, West, Yeamans, Colleton, Ludwcll, Smith, Arch- 
dale, Moore, Johnson, Craven and Nicholson. 

VII. Education. 

Schools very few, poulation sparse. Printing begun 
1754. Religion — little attention given. Episcopalianism pre- 
vailed. First minister appointed, 1703. Church erected, 1705. 

VIII. Products. 

(South Carolina) — Rice introduced 1G9G: indiga, 1741, 
(North Carolina) — Tar, pitch, turpentine and lumber. 

IX. Colonists: 

Independents, Quakers, Peasants and French Protest- 
ants. 

X. Governments: 

1. North Carolina — Royal Province 1663-1776 

2. South Carolina— Roy^ Province 1670-1776 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

Latin for Penn's Wood. 

I. Date: 

First near Philadelphia, 1643, conquered by the Dutch, 
1654, granted Wm. Penn, 1681, March 5th. 

II. Authority: .Charles II. 

III. Territorial Grant: 

Extended north and south over three degrees of latitude, 
and westward from the Delaware River five degrees of longi- 
tude, comprising about 48,000 square miles. 

IV. Motives: . (Penn). 

1. Establish a free commonwealth, without respect to 
color, race or religion. 

2. Subdue the natives with love and justice. 

3. To found an asylum for people of his own faith. 

4. Enlarge British areas. 

V. Motive: .(Charles II.) 

To satisfy a debt of £16,000 which Charles II. owed Sir 
Wm. Penn, father of Wm. Penn. 



5 6 Analysis of American Histoy. 

VI. Events: 

1. Penn becomes governor; Wm. Markham, deputy. 1681 

2. Delaware purchased by Penn from Duke of York.1682 

3. Treaty with the Lenni Lenapes and other tribes — 

Shaclvamaxon 1682 

4. Chester Convention — territorial legislation 1682 

5. Penn's Great Law 1683 

Provisions: (a) Freedom of religion, (b) Freedom of 

suffrage without regard to religion and any member of the 
Christian church was given the right to hold office, (c) All 
children over twelve years of age should be taught some use- 
ful trade or occupation, (d) Murder and treason only, pvm- 
ishable by death. 
6. Philadelphia founded 1683 

7. Return of Penn to England 1684 

8. Separation of Delajvare from Penn (took effect 1703) 

1691 

9. Government placed under thai of New York; Fletch- 

er, governor 1692 

10. Trouble between Penn. and the English crown 

1692-1699 

11. Penn re-instated, groundless claims 1699 

12. Final departure of Penn 1701 

13. Penn-Ford difficulty 1713 

14. Death of Penn 1718 

His vast estates, though encumbered heavily, fell into 

the hands of his sons, Thomas, Richard and John, and con- 
trolled by them or their deputies until the outbreak of the 
Revolution. Through the rascality of Ford, Penn died almost 
penniless. 

15. Mason and Dixon line drawn 1763 to 1767 

It marks the boundary between Pennsylvania and Mary- 
land, about 250 miles long; all but about 22 miles was sur- 
veyed by them. At every fifth mile a stone was set up, hav- 
ing the coat- of-arms of Penn cut on the north side and that 
of Calvert on the south. It afterwards marked the boundary 
between slavery and freedom. 



Analysis of Atnencan History. 57 

16. Penn's heirs cede Pennsylvania 1779 

The state of Pennsylvania gave Penn's heirs £130,000 
for their claims. 

VII. Principal Governors: 

Penn, 1681-1692; Fletcher, 1692-1C90; Penn, 1699-1701; 
Evans, 1701-1708; Gookin commissioned, 1709. 

VIII. Government: 

Proprietary 168.3-177D 



GEORGIA. 
"I. Date: .1733.. Grant issued on the 9th of June , 1732, by 
George II. 

Named in Honor of George II. 

II. Place: Savannah. ' '':^ ', 

III. Leader: James Oglethorpe. 

IV. Territorial Grant: 

All that now comprises the states of Georgia, Alabama 
and Mississippi — known then as all the land between the 
Savannah and Altamaha rivers, and westward from their 
northern sources to the Pacific Ocean. 

V. Colonists: 

Number, 120; mostly English, Scotch Highlanders, Ger- 
mans, Jews and Moravians. 

VI. Motives of Oglethorpe: 

1. To found a home for "The poo;- debtor" — spirit of 
pure benevolence. 

2. To found a refuge for the persecuted Protestants. 

3. To form a military barrier against the encroach- 
ments of the Spaniards from Florida, who laid claim to all 
South Carolina. 

4. Manufacture of silk and thus savo the English from 
the expense of exporting it from Italy. 

5. Prohibit slavery and forbid the importation of rum — 
thus striking a blow at idleness and intemperance. 

Note — The House of Commons voted £10,000 to estab- 
lish these motives. A private subscription of £26,000 was 
raised. Whole amount equal to about $500,000. 



58 Analysis of Aviericaii Histoty. 

VII. Government: 

1. As Oglethorpe held the exclusive right for twenty- 
one years; it remained proprietary up to 1752. 

2. No man was allowed to own more than fifty acres of 
land, unless he brought his white servants — this he could not 
rent, sell nor divide among his children. 

3. At the proprietor's death it fell to his oldest son — 
if none, it went back to the colonial trustees. 

4. Forbade laud to descend to women — object, to keep 
it in the hands of those that could do military duty. 

5. Catholics were not allowed to settle or hold land in 
tke colony. 

Note — Georgia became a Royal Province in 1752, and 
was governed by the crown until the Revolution. 

VIII. Events: 

1. "Covenant of Friendship" with the natives. .. .1733 
Tomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws, and Long King, 

chief ©f the Oconas, met Oglethorpe at Savannah and formed 
friendly relations. 

2. Oglethorpe visits England 1734 

Tomo-chichi accompanied him. Oglethorpe returned in 

1737 with 300 new colonists. Chief among them were John 
and Charles Wesley. 

3. Spangenburg and a company of n ne Moravians 

arrive 1735 

4. Rev. George Whitefleld arrives 1738 

5. Arrival of 600 soldiers under Oglethorpe 1737 

Oglethorpe's anticipation of a Spanish war. 

6. Siege of St. Augustine by Oglethorpe 1740 

Oglethrope with 1,000 men begun the siege which lasted 
five weeks. The place was strongly fortified by Monteano, 
the Spanish commandant. The British withdrew. Ogle 
thorpe's plan was the conquest ot St. Augustine and the 
entire extinction of Spanish authority north of the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

7. Battle of Bloody Marsh, Spanish ioss, 200, English 

victorious 1742 

8. Attack on Fort William 1742 



Analysis of American History. 59 

Captain Stuart succeded by a masterly defense in 
saving the fort. He had 50 men. 

9. The return of Oglethorpe to England 1743 

10. Reynolds made first governor of the Royal Province 

1752 

11. Division of the colony into eight parishes. .. .1758 

12. Church of England established by law 1758 

Anayltic Review of Immigrants. 

1. Pilgrims or Separatists from England by way of Hol- 
land to Plymouth colony. 

2. Puritans from England to Massachusetts. 

3. Dissenting Puritans from Massachusetts to Rhode 
Island. 

4. Roman Catholics from England to Maryland. 

5. Huguenots from France to New York, South Carolina 
and other places. 

6. Presbyterians from Scotland and Ireland to Pennsyl- 
vania and New Jersey, the northern colonies and other 
places . 

7. Lutheran and other sects, from Grfermany and Switz- 
erland to Pennsylvania, and thence southward. 

Colonial Forms of Government. 

1. Provincial or Royal Province — One in which the gov- 
ernor and council were appointed by the Crown, and a legis- 
lature whose upper house was the council, and whose lower 
house was elective. The governor was given power to pro- 
rogue or dissolve the legislature at will and with the consent 
of the council could establish courts. 

2. Propretary — One in which the proprietors appoint- 
ed the governors and convened the legislature. The colonial 
power was somewhat greater in the government, yet the 
sovereignty, of the mother country could not be denied. 

3. Charter — One in which the charter was given direct- 
ly to the colonists, carrying witn it the power to elect their 
governor and other officers, also, the power to establish 
courts. 

4. Modified Charter — A form of government in which 
the sovereign reserved the right to select the governor. 



6o 



Analysis of Avierican History. 



5. Commercial association was that form of govern- 
ment by which a colony was under the direct control of a 
company whose purpose was financial gain. 

6. Voluntary Association — Was that form in which the 
colonists, without authority, made their own laws and 
executed them. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



Plantagenet Era — 331 Yrs. 

Henry II. 1154-1189. 
Richard I. 1189-1199. 
John 1199-1216. 
Henry III. 121G-1272. 
Edward I. 1272-1307. 
Edward II. 1307-1327. 
Edward III. 1327-1377. 
Riciard II. 1377-1399. 

House of Lancaster. 

henry IV. 1399-1413. 
Henry V. 1413-1422. 
Henry VI. 1422-1461. 

House of York. 

Edward IV. 1461-1483. 
Edward V. 1483. 
Richard III. 1483-1485. 

Tudor Period — 118 Years. 

Henry VII. 1485-1509. 
Henry VIII. 1509-1547. 
Edward VI. 1547-1553. 
Mary 1553-1558. 
Elizabeth 1558-1603. 

NOTE — From the reign of Queen Elizabeth to the reign 
of William and Mary is regarded by some authors as First 
Colonial Period, ana the time between the reign of William 
and Mary and that of George IV, as the Second Colonial 
Period. 



Stuart Line — 100 Years. 

James I. 1603-1625. 

Charles I. 1625-1649. 

The Commonwealth. 1649-1660. 

The Restored Stuarts. 

Charles II. 1660-1685. 
Jam€B II. 1685-1688. 

The Orange Stuarts. 

William and Mary. 1689-1702. 
Queen Anne. 1702-1714. 

House of Hanover. 

George I. 1714-1727. 
George II. 1727-1760. 
George HI. 1760-1820. 
George IV. 1820-1830. 
William IV. 1830-1837. 
Victoria 1837-1900. 
Edward VII. 1900. 



Analysis of Auuricaii Histoiy. 



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62 Analysis of American History. 

GENERAL STATEMENrS .REGARDING THE COLONIES AT 
THE CLOSE OF THE INTER-COLONIAL WARS, (1763) 

1. Estimated Populations,. 1,695,000 whites; 310,000 blacks. 
Most populous were — Virginia 284,000; Massachusetts, more 
than 200,000; Penn. nearly 200,000; Conn. 130,000; Md., 104,- 
000; New York 85,000. Georgia having the least nearly 
5,000. 

2. Education: 

New England took the lead. Middle Colonies — not so 
general — except Penn., through the efforts of the illustrious 
Franklin. Very irregular south of the Potomac. In the 
Southern Colonies, Virginia, took the lead. Maryland the 
Carolinas, and Georgia followed. At the close of the Re- 
volutionary War only ten colleges had been established. 

4. Language: 

All English except a few — Germans, Dutch, Scotch, Irish 
and Hugenots. 

5. Literature: (Newspapers.) 

First periodicals: "The Boston News Letter," 1704 
(weekly) issued by Campbell. "The New England Courant," 
1721 — issued by James Franklin. "Boston Gazette" 1719 — 
Issued by A. Bradford. "The American Daily Advertiser" 
(first daily) appeared at Philadelphia, 1784. "New York 
Weekly Journal," 1733 — issued by" Zenger, this may be re- 
garded as a prototype of the modern newspaper. Between 
1704 and 1775, 78 different newspapers had been printed 
with varied success in the colonies. Of these; 39 were in 
actual process of publication at the outbreak of the Revolu- 
tion. Books were mainly — History, Theology and Politick. 

6. Religion: 

Protestant. Most Catholics were in Maryland, they 
probably constituted about one-fiftfeenth of the population. 
Social rank — no caste. 

7. Cities: 

Most important — Philadelphia. New York, Boston and 
Charleston. 



Anvlysis of Avicrican H'siory. 63 

S. Trade: 

Exports mainly — Tobacco, rice, indigo, tar, turpentine, 
fish, lumber, furs, iron and sailing vessels. 

9. Government and Living: 

Approaching self-government. Living — very simple. 

10. Punishments: 

Severe — stocks, pillory, whipping, ducking-pools, heavy 
fines, etc. 

11. Literature: 

1. Historians: 

Smith's — "True Relation of Virginia," 1G08. 
Bradford's — "The Plymouth Plantation," printed in 1856. 
J. Winthrop, Jr., — "History of New England," about 1640. 
Edward Winslow's — "Good Newes from New England," 
1645. 

2. Philosophers and Scientists: 

Franklin's— "Almanac" and "Way to Wealth," 1733 to 
1786. 

William Pierce's — "An Almanac calculated for New 
England," 1629 — first booK printed in America; second, Bay 
Psalm book, 1640. .John Bartram, Quaker gardner, geologist 

3. Classic Writers: 

Translation of "Ovid" by George Sandys. 
Translation of Cicero's essay on "01?! Age," with notes. 
1742 by James I,ogan. 

\. Theologians 

Thos. Hoolcer's— "Survey of the Sumrae of Church Dis- 
cipline." 

Jno. Cotton's- -"Milk for Babes '; -'Meat for Strong Men." 
Roger Williams's— "The Bloody Tenet of Persecution." 
John Eliot's— "The Indian Bible." 1664. 
Cotton Mather's— "History of the War with the Indians.' 
Richard Mather's— "Cambridge Platform." 
Increase Mather's — "Magnalia Christi Americana." 
Micheal Wigglesworth's— "The Day of Doom." 
Peter Folger's— "A Looking glass for the Times." 



64 Analysis 0/ American Histoiy. 

5. Metaphysician: 

Jonathan Edwards — "On the P'reedom of the Will; 
"Doctrine of Original Sin." 

6. Miscellaneous Writers: 

Church, Shepherd, Stone, Anne Brad street, Calfe, Clapp, 
Dickinson, Thompson, Burr, Woolman, Golden, Chauncey, 
etc. 
12. Forms of Governments — Principal. 

1. Provincial — New Hampshire, N. York., i\ew Jersey, 
Va., N. S., S. C, ana Georgia. 

2. Proprietary — Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. 

3. Charter — Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode 
Island. 



CONSTITUTIONAL GROWTH OF THE COLONIES. 
Puritan Influence: 

.1 The Mayflower Compact, 1620. Plymouth, Mass. 
2. Connecticut Constitution, 1639, Hartford, Conn. 

0. The New England Confederation, 1643. 
Dutch Influence, — None — in written form. 
Catholic Influence, — None — in written form. 
Quaker Influence, and German — 

1. Pennsylvania's plan, 1697, Philadelphia, Pa. 

2. Anti-Slavery, paper, 1688, Philadelphia. Pa. 
Gener.5l Action: 

1. First Congress of the Colonies, 1690, N. Y. 

2. Franklin's plan, 1754— Albany, N. Y. 

3. First Colonial Congress— 1765, N. Y. 

4. Mecklenburg Resolution — 1774. Charlotte, N. C. 

5. F'irst Continental Congress — 1774 Philadelphia, Pa. 

6. Secord Continental Congress — 1775 Philadelphia, Pa. 
7 Declaration of Independence — 1776 Philadelphia, Pa. 

8. .Articles of Confederation- -1781 Philadelphia, Pa. 

9. Conference at Alexandria — 1785 Alexandria, Va. 

10. Virginia Resolution — 1786. 

11. Trade Convention — 1786 Annapolis, Md. 

12. Constitutional Convention 1787 Philadelphia. Pa. 
NOTE — For further discussion of these steps. Fee sep- 
arate topics. 



Analysis of American Iljs/oiy. C5 

CONVENTION OF THE COLONIES. ALBANY CONVENTION. 
(See French and Indian War.) 
*"Stanip Act Congress" (First Colonial.) 

I. Date: October 7, 1765— October 25, 1765. 

II. Place: New York. 

III. Cause: 

Immediate — Passage of the Stamp Act. 

IV. Representation: 

Nine colonies — Mass., S. C, Peun., N. J., Md., R. I., Conn. 
N. Y. and Delaware, Twenty-eight delegates. Timothy 
Ruggles of Massachusetts president. 

V. Measures: 

1. An address to the Kir.g. 2 A declaration of rights 
and grievances. 3. A petition to Parliment. 4. Claimed 
that the stamp act subverted their liberties. 5. Demanded 
the right of trial by jury. 

*This congress is sometimes called the "Day Star of the 
American Union." 



FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (Second Colonial.) 

I. Date: Met Sept. 5, 177'1 — Adjourned October 14, 1774. 

II. Place: Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. 

III. Cause — Immediate — Boston Port Bill. 

IV. Purpose: 

To devise some plan of stopping the oppressions of 
England. 

V. Representation: 

All the colonies except Georgia — fifty-five delegates. 
Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was chosen president. Othe'- 
distinguished members were: Washington, Henry, R. H 
Lee, J. Dickinson, Jay, .\dams, Sherman, Livingston and 
the Rutledges of S. C. 

VI. Measures: 

1. Declaration of Colonial Rights. 2. Petition to the 
King. ;j. Suspension of all intercourse with England. 4. 



^^ Analysis of American liiswry. 



An address to the English nation and to the people of Can- 
ada. 



SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

I. Date: Met May 10, 1775 — Continued with short adjournments 

until March, 1781. 

II. Place: Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 

III. Cause: The opening conflicts of the war. 

IV. Representation: 

All the colonies. Most distinguished delegates werfe: 
Washington, John and Sam'i Adams, Franklin, Jefferson and 
Patrick Henry. 

V. Acts and Measures: 

1. Second Petition to the king. 2. Earnestly expressed 
a desire for peaceful settlement with Great Britain. 3. 
Authorized the issue of $2,000,000 in paper money. 4. 
Equip an army of 20,000 men. 5. Appointed George Wash- 
ington, commander-in-chief; Gates, adjutant-general; Ward, 
Lee, Schuyler and Putnam major-generals. 6. Declaration 
of Independence proposed by R. H. Lee, June 7, 1775, adopt- 
ed July 4, 177C; signed by the delegates, August 2, 1776. 
John Hancock, president and Charles Thomson, secretary. 
Drafting committee: J. Adams, Thos. Jefferson, B FranMiu, 
Roger Sherman and R. R. Livingston. The Declaration was 
mainly the work of Jefferson but its adoption was secured 
thcugl the efforts of Jno. Adams — fifty-six signor's. 

IS('TP3 — After the adjournment, March 17S1 ; '~'^Tress 
hell iTDual sessions until October 10, 1788, wh-jn the rolj 
was called for the last time 



WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 

I. Time: April 19, 1775 to Sept. 3, 1783. 

II. Causes: General: 

1. Right of Arbitrary Government — most general cause 

2. Influence over the colonies, exerted by France, and 
Holland. 



Analysis of American History. Gj 

3. The conflict between republican and monarchical 
principles. 

4. Growth of public opinion tended to independence. 

5. The despotic character of George III and his 
ministry. 

.6 The effort at last made to enforce the navigation 
laws. 

7. Organization of the Board of Trade and Plantations. 

9. The general results of the Inter-colonial wars. 

2. Special — 

Series of acts destructive of colonial liberty. 

1. Importation act, 173o — enforced, 1761. 

2. Sugar act, 1733— expired 1763. 

3. Iron act 1750. 

4. Writs of assistance, 1761. 
T' Declaration act 1764. 

(.; Stamp act, 1765 — repealed 1766. 

7. Dependency act, 1766. 

8. Restriction on Internal Trade, 1673. 

Townshend or Revenue Acts. 

(1) Quartering acts. (2) Taxation act. (3) Declara- 
tory act. (4) Trade enforcement act. — 1767 — repealed 1770. 

10. Intolerable or "Coercive Acts." 

1. Boston Port Bill. 2. Transportation Bill. 3.. 
Massachusetts Bill. 4. Quartering Act. 5. Quebec Act — 
1774. 

III. Events: (Both influencing and introductory.) 

1. Resolutions of Patrick Henry, 1765 

2. Organization of the Sons of Liberty, 1765 

3. Organization of the Daughters of Liberty, 1765 

4. First Colonial Congress 1765 

5. Repeal of the Stamp Act, 1766 

6. "Letters of a Farmer" — Dickinson, 1767 

7. Troops from Halifax land at Boston— 700, 1768 

8. New York and Boston riots, 1770 

9. Burning of the Gaspee, 1112 

10. Committees of correspondence — Dabney Carr 1772 

11. Boston Tea Party Dec. 16, 1773 



68 Analysis of American History. 

Three hundred and forty chests were thrown into the har- 
bor by 50 masked men — $100,000 worth. Name of the 
English vessel was Dartmouth. 

12 First Continental Congress 1774 

13. The organization of the "Minute Men," 1771 

14. Boston Neck fortified. Gen. Gage — 10,000 men 
1774. 

15. Military stores conveyed to Boston — Gen. Gage 1774 

16. Colonial stores moved to Concord 1774 

IV. Conditions of the Colonists: 

Finance — no coin — continental money. Population — 
abouc 2,000,000, including nearly 500,000 slaves. Army — 
Continental, about 12,000 men— strong Tory element. 

Y. Party Leaders: 

1. Leading Tories, — Hutchinson, Oliver, Tryon, Butler, 
The Johnsons and Ruggles. 

2. Opposers of the Colonial policy. (English.) George 
III; Wedderburn, Lords North, Townshend, Strahan, Camden 
Grenville, Percy, Van, etc. 

3. Friends of the Colonial policy (English) Pitt, 
Burke. Fox, Barre, Rockingham, Efhngham, Conway, Earl 
of Sherburne (Fitz Maurice) etc. 

VI. Colonial Leaders: 

The Adamses, Washington, Otis, Franklin, Henry, Henry 
Lee, Morris, Hancock, Paine, Hamilton and others. 
Commanders-in-chief. 

1. English (a) Gage, (b) Sir William Howe (c) Sir 
Henry Clinton, e. Sir Guy Carleton. Other generals — 
Burgoyne, Cornwallis, Tarleton and Richard Howe. 

2. Colonial — Geo. AVashington, — June 16, 1775. Took 
command at Cambridge, July 2. Other generals — Gates, 
Greene, Lee, Lincoln, Putnam a:nd Schuyler. Fore- 
ign aid — La Fayette, De Kalb, Stuben, D'Estaing, Pulaski, 
Kosciusko, De Grasse and Rochambeau. 

VII. Engagements. (See Outline of Battles.) 



Analysts of America n History. 69 

VIII. Events: 

i. Second Continental Congress, INIay 10, 1770 

2. Mecklenburg Declaration 1775 

3. Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 

4. llickey Plot — Hickey hanged — D. Mathews impris- 
oned, 1776 

L. Stars and Stripes adopted, 1777 

6. Campaign of Burgoyne — Surrender at Saratoga, 1777 
Turning point of the war — One of the world's decisive bat- 
tles. 

7. Articles of Confederation adopted, 1777 

8. British capture Philadelphia — then capital 1777 

9. Conway Cabal 1777 

Plot to remove Washington from command and place Gates 

in his stead. Formed by Gates, Lee, Miffliu Wilkinson, Sam 
Adams, and others — Failed — The next year Conway was 
wounded in a duel; he then confessed his wrong. The 
word Cabal is formed from the first letter of each of the 
names of five Englishmen viz.: — Clifford, Ashley, Bucking- 
ham, Arlington and Lauderdale. 

10. Treaty of alliance with France. (First treaty) 1778 

1. Date: Concluded Feb. 6, 1778; Ratified by the 
Continental Congress May 4, L78S. Ratifications exchanged 
at Paris, July 17, 1778. 

2. Commissioners: 

1. American — B. Franklin, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee. 

2. French — C. A. Gerard. 

11. Wyoming and Cherry Velley massacres 1778 

12. Battle betweeen the Bon Homme Richard and Sera- 
pis, Dec. 22, 177 t 

Yorkshire coast England, Jones commander of the Richard 
of 40 guns and had two consorts to aid him, the Alliance 
and the Paulus. Pearson commanded the Serapis of 44 
guns; he had one vessel to aid him th-- Scnrborough. His 
loss was 150 men. .Jones was successful, but lost 300 men 
out of the 375 that, he had on board. This was the last 
naval battle of note of the war. Jon^s hTd previously 
taken 467 prizes in this war. 



70 Amz/ysis of American History. 

13. Paul Jones raised the first naval flag (yellow silk; 
1779. 

14. Arnold's treason and Andre's execution, 1780 

15. Peun. troops becomes mutijious, 1781 

16. Full ratification of the Art. of Confederation — Md. 
last state, 178 1 

iX. General Results of the Revolution. — 
1. Treaties: 

1. Provisional — Concluded at Paris Nov. 30, 1782. 
Proclamation ordered by the continental congress, April 11 
1783. 

2. Commissioners: — American — J. Adams, E. Franlvlin, 
J. Jay, Henry Laurens. 

English — Richar Oswald. 

1. Definitive — Concluded at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783; rati 
fied by the Continental Congress Jan. 14, 1784; Proclaimed 
Jan. 14, 1784. 

2. Commissioners: American — J. Adams, B. Franklin, 
John Jay. English — David Hartley. 

2. Chief Provisions. 

1. Absolute independence of the I'. S. was recognized 
by England. 

2. Free navigation of the Miss. River and lakes. 

3. New Foundland and St. Laurence fisheries given up 
to United States. 

4. Surrender of all territory east of Mississippi river 
and south of the Great Lakes to Ihe United States. 

5. England receded Florida to Spain. 

6. England retained Canada and Nova Scotia and the 
exclusive control of the river, St. Laurence. 

7. Loyalists and Tories to be protected in America. 

8. The withdrawal of English troops without the des- 
truction of property. 

9. No molestation of negro slaves held by America. 
3. Cost. 

England— 50,000 men— $61 0,000.000. 

America — 40,000 men — $135,000,000 Washington's ex- 
penses alone during the war $74,485. Tliere were ultimately 
309,781 men enlisted. 



Analysis of American History. 7 1 

BOUNDS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1783. 

From the mouth of the St. Croix river, Maine, along 
about the present northern boundary of the United States, 
to Lalte Erie, thence through the middle of Lalves, Erie, 
Huron and Superior to the Lake of the Woods and then 
westward to the Mississippi river (impossible, for the Missis- 
sippi river does not rise in Canada) theuco down the mid- 
dle of the river to 31 deg. north latitude; thence due east 
on that parallel to the Appalachicola river, and then by 
what is now the present boundary line of Florida to the 
Atlantic ocean. 



72 



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^4 Analysis of American History. 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION. 

I. Date: Committee appointed, June 12, 1776; adopted, Nov. 

15, 1777; signed by the delegates of eight states July 9, 
1778; and went into effect March 1, 17Si. 

II. Place of Convention: Philadelphia. 

III. Authority: Continental Congress. 

IV. Drafting Committee. 

Messrs Bartlett, Hopkins, Sherman, Stone, Dickinson, 
Howes, Gwinnett, S. Adams, McKean, R. R. Livingston, Nel- 
son and E. Rutledge. Dickinson penned them. 

V. Peculiarities — Principal — 

1. Representation — not less than two nor more than 
seven from each state. 

2. Sovereignty was reserved to the states. 

3. No other than delegated powers could be exercised 
by congress. 

4. In voting each state cast a single ballot. 

5. "League of States" instead of the people. 

6. Each state shall maintain its own delegates, with 
power to withdraw. 

V). Defects — Principal. 

1. Left Congress entirely dependent upon the states. 

2. No power to regulate trade. No taxing power. 

.3. Could not be amended save by the conseat of every 
state. 

4. To carry any important measure, the votes of nine 
states were necessary. 

5. They did not provide for any oilxecutive or Judiciary 

6. No power over treaties, commerce, or war. 

The first great duty of the new government was to pro- 
vide for the payment of the debt that had been incurred by 
the war. The debt had by this time reached the sum of 
$38,000,000. Congress could only recommend to the states 
the levying of a sufficient tax to pay this. Some paid H 
and some did not. In the very beginning the government 
was thwarted. The trouble that attended the disbanding of 
the army was due to the inability rather than to the indispo- 



Analysis of Anicricmi History. 7 5 

sition of Congress toward the soldiers. Robert Morris had 
given $1,400,000; Franklin had given $15,000; France had 
given $2,000,000 and loaned $3,000,000 more, all had been 
spent in a vain attempt to sustain the credit of the govern- 
ment. For three years after peace had been declared the 
public affairs were in a state bordering on chaos. The 
sagacious patriots who had won their liberty looked upon 
the country in this imperiled state with alarm. They saw 
if the Articles of Confederation could not be amended or a 
new system of government planned the nation would soon 
go to ruin. The project of remodelling the government 
originated with Washington after the Conference at Alex- 
adria, May 20-25, 1785. Washington invited the commis- 
sioners;*— Mason, Henderson, Jenifer, Stone and Chase, to 
come to his home, Mt. Vernon, Va. While there, Washing- 
ton proposed the calling of a new convention to meet at 
Annapolis; in this they all concurred and separated on the 
twenty-eight of the m.onth. 



TRADE CONVENTION. 

I. Date: Sept. 1786. 

II. Place: Annapolis, Md. 

III. Purpose: To regulate trade and commerce. 

IV. Representation: 

Five States — Virginia, New York, Pennslyvania and 
Delaware. — Twelve delegates. 

V. Questions Duscussed: 

1. States to regulate the trade and commerce. 

2. Revision of the Articles of Confederation. 

3. The question of a tariff on imports. 

4. The question of framing a new Constitution. 

VI. Result: 

The calling of the Constitutional Convention. 



76 Analysis of American History. 

SHAY'S REBELLION. 

I. Date: December 6, 1786. 

II. Place: Massachusetts — throughout, to some exteni, Nejv 
England. 

III. Leader: Daniel Shays — 2,000 Men. 

IV. Causes: 

Refusal to issue paper money. 

2. Taxes to the amount of $1,000,000 annually. 

3. High salary of the governor. 

4. Specific taxes to pay interest on the state debt. 

V. Results: 

1. He took possession of Worcester and stopped the 
proceedings of the Supreme Court. Springfield mobbed. 
The rioters were put down by Gov. Lincoln, with 4,000 mili- 
tia — 150 of them were captured; but were all pardoned by 
Gov. Bowdoin. 

2. Confirmed the theory that a stronger government 
must be formed. 



LAND CLAIMS OF THE STATES AND THEIR CESSIONS. 

1. New York ceded her claims February, 1780. They 
comprised her present state limits westward to about the 
seventy-seventh meridian, "Line of 1786." Based upon an 
Indian title. 

2. Virginia ceded her claims March 1, 1784. Besides 
her present state limits they comprised W. Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and nearly all of the territory embracing the states 
of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois — According to the charter or 
1609. She also claimed an interest in the lands of the 
Connecticut Grant. 

3. Massachusetts ceded her lands April 19, 1785. Be- 
sides her own state limits she claimed Maine, western 
portion of New York, portion of southern Michigan and a 
portion of southern Wisconsin. These claims were based 
upon the charter 1628. 

4. Connecticut ceded her claims Sept. 14, 1786. They 
comprised northern Ohio, northern Indiana, northern Illi- 



Afialysis of Avierican H'siory. JJ 

nois and a small portion of the southern peninsula of Michi- 
gan. Claimed by the charter of 16C2. 

5. South Carolina ceded her claims August 8, 1787. 
They comprised her present state limits and a narrow strip 
of land between North Carolina's claim and Georgia's. 
They were based upon the "Survey of 1670." 

6. North Carolina ceded her claims Feb. 25, 1790. They 
comprised her present state limits and the territory known 
now as the state of Tennessee. Based upon the charter of 
1665. 

7. Georgia ceded her claims April 24, 1802. They com- 
prised her present state limits and practically all of the 
territory known now as the states of Alabama and Missis- 
sippi. Claimed by the charter of 1732. 



ORDINANCE OF 1787*. 

I. Date: Adopted July 13 1787— First Suggested by Jefferscn 1784 

II. Place: New York. 

III. Authority: Continental Congress. 

IV. Purposes: 

1. The necessity of a government for the territory ex- 
tending from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi river and 
from the Ohio to the Great Lakes that had been previously 
ceded by Great Britain and seven of the original states. — 
North-west Territory. 

2. A company of Revolutionary soldiers had proposed 
buying a tract of this land and wished protection from the 
general government. 

V. Delegates: 

Jefferson, Cutler, Sargent, Gushing. Putnam. Brooks, 
Dane and others. The draft was drawn by Cutler. 

YI. Provisions of Ordinance: 

(1) No man was to be deprived of his liberty, excepting 

*This ordinance was th^ greatest act under the Articles 
of Confederation. 



78 Analysis of American History. 

as a punishment for crime; life, property, and religious 
freedom was to be protected. 

(.2) Religion, morality, aud knowledge being neces- 
sary to good government, schools and means of education 
shall forever be encouraged. (3) Slavery to be prohibited. 
(4). Not less than three nor more than five states should 
be formed from the territory. (5) States to be admitted 
as fast as they should asquire a population of 60,000. 

VII. Acts and Events: 

1. Arthur St. Clair appointed first governor, Oct. 5, 1787 

2. First territorial legislature met at Cincinnati, Sept. 
16, 1799. 

3. First settlement established at Marrietta by Rufus 
Putnam, April 7, 1788. 

4. In May, 1800 the territory was divided and W. H. 
Harrison made governor of the western part called "Terri- 
tory of Indiana." 

5. Ohio became a state Feb. 19, 1803. Other states 
formed from this territory are Indiana, Illinais, Michigan, 
Wisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. 



GENERAL NOTE— Jefferson suggested that Cherron- 
esus, Metropotamia, Asseniesippa, Polypctamia and Pelisi- 
pia be adopted as names for these states. 



CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION— CONSTITUTION FORMED 

I. Date: May 25 to Sept. 17, 1787... Went into effect, June 21, 

1788. 

II. Place: Philadelphia. 

III. Delegates: 

Number that attended was fifty-five, but only thirty- 
nine signed the constitution. All the states were represen- 
ted except Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Leaders — 
Madison, Hamilton, Washington, Franklin, Rob't Morris, 
King, G. Morris, Rutledge, Sherman and Randolph. Wash- 
ington was chosen president and William Jackson secretary. 



Ajialysis of American Histoty. jg 

IV. Causes: 

1. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation. 

2. Shay's rebellion. 

3. Failure of the proposed amendments. 

V. Committee of Style: 

Hamilton, King, Johnson, Madison, G. Morris 

VI. Committee of Detail: 

Rutledge, Wilson, Gorham, Ellsworth, Randolph. Gouv- 
erneur Morris wrote the final draft. 

VII. Events: 

1. Virginia Plan. 

a. Drawn up by Madison and presented by Randolph, 
May 29. 

Clauses : 

a. Representation by population, b. Two branches of 
congress — the first chosen by the people the second by the 
state legislatures, c. Congress should choose the Execu- 
tive, who should have veto power, d. Congress should 
make laws governing commerce, taxes, and power to veto 
state laws and other clauses. 

d. Supporters — Hamilton, Madison, King, Wilson and 
Morris. 

2. South Carolina Plan: 

a. Drawn up by C. Pinckney and presented. May 29. 
It resembled the above plan. 

3. New Jersey Plan: 

a. Drawn up by Wm. Patterson and presented June 
15. It was in nearly every respect incompatible with 
Randolph's plan leaving far more to the states, that the 
smaller states might be protected. 

b. Supporters — Patterson, Yates, Martin and Lansing. 

IX. Compromises of the Constitution: 

1. As to Representation or Connecticut Compromise: 
Offered by Ellsworth of the Connecticut Delegation — It gave 
the states equal representation in the senate and a repre- 
sentation according to their population in the House. 



8o Ajialysis of American Histoiy. 

2. As to Slavery — called the Threee-fifths compromise: 
Provided in apportioning the representation, that three- 
fifths of all slaves should be counted. 

3. As to Commerce: 

Provided that the importation of slaves should not bs for- 
bidden before 1808, and that exports should never be taxed. 

X. Sources of the Constitution: 

1. From Franklin in the Albany Convention. 

2. English Bill of Rights. 

3. Drawn from the experiences of the state under 
the Articles of Confederation. 

4. Borrowed from various state Constitutions and the 
laws then in force. 

XL Articles of tlie Constitution: 

1. Legislative. 2. Executive. 3. Judicial. 4. General 
Provisions: 1. State Records. 2. Privilege of citizens, 3. 
United States. 5. Power of Amendment. 6. Miscellaneous 
Provisions. 7. Ratification of Constitution. 

XII. Results: 

1. It gave the nation an executive. 

2. It gave Congress power to raise money by taxation. 
— Congress was no longer simply an advisory body. 

3. Formation of two political parties Federlist and 
Anti-Federlist. Federlist — loose construction view of the 
Constitution. Anti-Federalist — strict construction view of 
the Constitution. 

4. It gave every citizen equal rights in all the states. 

5. It divided the country on the slave question. 

6. It established the supreme court — the balance wheel 
of our government. 



RATIFICATION OF THE. CONSTITUTION. BY THE STATES. 

1. Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unaminous. 

2. Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, 46 to 23. 

3. New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unaminous. 

4. Georgia, Jan. 2, 1788, unaminous, 

5. Connecticut, Jan. 9, 1788, 128 to 40. 



Analysis of American History. 8i 

^6. Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, 187 to 168. 

7. Maryland, April 28, 1788, 63 to 11. 

8. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 149 to 73. 

9. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, 57 to 46. 

10. Virginia, June 26, 1788, 89 to 79. 

11. New York, July 26, 1788, 30 to 2S. 

12. North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789, 193 to 75. 

13. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, 34 to 32, 

Presidents of the Continental Congress and of the Congress of 
of the Confederation. 1775-178S. 

1775 Peyton Randolph, Va. 177o John Hancock, Mass. 

1777 Henry Laurens, S. C. 1778 John Jay, N. Y. 

1779 Samuel Huntington, Conn. 1781 Thomas McKeau, 
Delaware. 

1781 John Hanson, Md. 1782 Elias Boudinot, N. J. 

1783 Thomas Mifi:iin, Pa. 1784 Richard H. Lee, Va. 

1786 Nathaniel Gorham, Mass. 17S7 Arthur St. Clair, 
Pennsylvania. 



THE DEPARTMENTS OF OUR GOVERNIVIENT AND WHEN 
CREATED: 

1. The Department of State was established July 27, 
1789. This department had its origin in the Continental 
Congress of Jan. 1781. It was then styled the "Department 
of Foreign Affairs." R. R. Livingston was its first secretary. 

2. The War Department was established Aug. 7, 1789. 
This department was first created Feb. 1781. Its chief officer 
was styled the "Secretary of War and Marine." Benjamin 
Lincoln was its first secretary. 

3. The Treasury Department was established Sept. 2, 
1789. This department was first created by the Continental 
Congress in 1781. The chief officer was styled the "Super- 
intendent of Finance." Robert Morris was the first super- 
intendent. 

4. The office of Attorney General was established Sept. 
24, 1789. It was organized as the Department of Justice, 
June 22, 1870. 



Analysis of American History. 

5. The Post Office Department was established May 8, 
1794. The second Continental Congress provided for this 
office in July, 1775. Dr. Benjamin Franklin was appointed 
to fill it and was styled "Postmaster-General of the United 
Colonies." 

G. The IDepartment of the Isavy was established by act 
of Congress, .April 30, 1798. 

7. The Department of the Interior was established, 
March 3, 1849. 

8. The Department of Agriculture was established, 
Feb. 12, 1889. 

9. The Department of Commerce and Labor was 
established Feb. 11, 1903. 

Geo. B. Cortelyou took the oath of office as Secretary of the 
Department, Feb. 18. The object of the new department 
is declared to foster, promote and develop the foreign and 
domestic commerce, the mining manufacturing, shipping and 
fishery industries, the labor interests and the transportation 
facilities of the United States. 



Analyst's oj American Histo>y. 



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84 Afialysis of A)nerican History. 

PERIOD OF NATIONALITY 1789— 

The Administration of Geo. Washington, of Virginia, and Jno. 
Jno. Adams of Massachusetts. 

I. Date: 178£-1797. 

JI. Party: Federalist. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, Thos. Jefferson of Va. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, Alex. Hamilton, of N. Y. 

3. Secretary of War and Navy, Henry Knox, of Mass. 

4. Postmasters General, S. Osgood and T. Pickering, 
of Massachusetts. 

5. Attorney General, Edmund Randolph, of Va. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Favored national sovereignity. 

2. Favored national bank and Internal taxation. 

3. Favored the loose construction view of the constitu 
tion. 

4. Opposed France and favored England. 

5. Advocated the payments of all debts in full. 

V. Events: 

1. Inauguration, (votes counted, April 6) April 30, 1789 
Oath administered by the Hon. R. R. Livingston, Esq. chan- 
cellor of the state of New York. 

2. Judiciary organized, 1789 

3. First Tarift Act passed — about eight per cent adval- 
orem July 4, 1789 

4. North Carulina and Rhode Island ratify constitution, 
1789-90. 

5. First ten amendments adopted, Dec. 15, 1790 

C Hamilton's Financial Plan. 

a. As.sumplion of Foreign debts $21,500,000 

Due to France, Holland and Spain. 

b. Assumption of Domestic debts, $11,700,000 

c. Assumption of State debts, $42,000,000 

Total $75,200,000 



Analysis of Ainerican History. 85 

d. Protective tariff, 1791-2 

e. Excise Tax 1791 

f. Establish National bank and mint, 1791-2 

7. First Census— 3,928,037, 1790 

8. Vermont. Kentuclvy and Tenn. admitted 1791-92-96 

9. Antliracite coal discovered, Summit Hill, Pa. ..1791 

10. Death of Benjamin Franldin, 179U 

11. War with North-west Indians, Little Turtle, chief, 

1790-95 

Mingoes, Miamis, Wyandottes, Delawares, Pottawatomies, 
Shawnees, Chippewas and Ottawas, Sept. 1700 to Aug| 1795. 
Included are Harmar's and St. Clair's bloody defeats and 
Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, which compelled peace. 

12. Orders in Council, 1793 

13. Cotton Gin invented,— Whitney, 1793 

Effects (a) stimulated the cotton production, (b) Greatly 
increased our exports, (c) Stimulated manufactures, (d) 
Increased slave labor. 

14. The "Centinel of the North-west," established Cin- 
cinnati 1793 

15. Arrival of Citizen Genet, 1793 

Presidential campaign, 1792 

1. Political parties and candidates: 

(a) Federal, Washington and Adams. 

(b) Republican, Clinton, .lefferson and Burr. 

2. Result — vote: Basis of Representation, 33,000. 
Number of electors. 65. 

Electoral — Washington, 132; Adams, 77; Jefferson, 4, 
Clinton, 50; Eurr, 1. 

Cabinet — (Second term.) 

1. Secretaries of State — E. Randolph of Va., T. Picker- 
ing, of Mass. 

2. Secretary of Treasury — Oliver Walcott, of Conn. 

3. Secretaries of War — T. Pickering of Mass. ; James 
McHenry, of Md. 

4. Attorneys General — William Bradford, of Pa.; 
Charles Lee, of Va. 

Postmaster General — Joseph Habersham, of Ga. 



86 Analysis of American History. 

V. Events; 

1. Orders in Council issued —England, ll^Z 

2. Neutrality proclaimed by Washington, 1798 

3. Whisky Rebellion, 179^ 

4. Jay Treaty with England, ratified — London, Oct. 28, 
1795, 

(a) Commissioners: 
American — John Jay 
English — Lord Grenville, 

(b) Chief Clauses: 

1. Great Britain was to evacuate tLe northern forts. 

2. Commercial intercourse free on American soil. 

3. Navigation of the Mississippi secured, 

4. Indemnity from England for unlawful seizures. 

5. Indemnity from United States due to the captures 
of Genet, 

6. Limited amount of trade betweeen United States 
and the British West Indies 

5. Treaty with Algiers, 1795 

(a) Commissioners: 
American — J, Donaldson. 
Algerian — Vizer H. Bashaw, 

(b) Chief Clauses: 

1, United States to pay to the Dey, $800,000 cash, 

2, United States to pay him an annual tribute of $23,000 
and present him with a vessel worth $100,000. 

C, Treaty with Spain, Oct. 27, 1795 

(a) Commissioners: 

American — T. Pinckney, ^ 

Spanish — El Principe De La Paz, 

(b) Chief Clauses: 

1, Made the olst Paralell the southern boundary of the 
United States, 

2, Navigation of the Mississippi river secured. 

3, New Orleans was to be used by the United States 
as a place of deposit for ten years. 

7. Mazzei Letter, 179« 

8. Washington's farewell address, Sept. 17, 179() 

Presidential Campaign, 179C 



Analysis of American History. 87 

1. Political parties and candidates. 

a. Federal — Adams, Pinckney, Jay, Iredell, Washington, 
Heury and Johnson. 

b. Republican — Jefferson, Burr, S. Adams, Clinton. 

c. Independent — Ellsworth. 

2. Result— Vote: 

Electoral — Adams, 71; Pickney, 59; Jay, 5; Irdell, 3; 
Washington, Henry and Johnson, 2 votes each. 

Jefferson, 68; Burr, 30; S. Adams, 15; Clinton, 7; 
Ellsworth, 11. 

Congresses First — 

*Met April 0, 1789 adjourned September 29, 1789. 
Met Jan. 4, 1790 adjourned Aug| 12, U90. 

xMet Dec. G, 1790, adjourned March 3, 1791. F. A. Muh- 
lenberg, of Pennslyvania speaker. — Federalist. 

Congresses Second — 

Met Oct. 24, 1791, adjourned May S, 1792. 
Met Nov. 5, 1792, adjourned March 2, 1793. J. Trumbull, 
of Conn., speaker. — Federalist. 

Congresses Third — 

Met Dec. 2, 1793, adjourned June 9, 1794. 
Met Nov. 3, 1794, adjourned March 3, 1795. F. A. Mulel- 
enberg, of Penn., speaker. — Federalist. 

Congresses Fourtli — 

Met Dec. 7, 1795, adjourned June 1, 179(j. 
Met Dec. 5, 1796, adjourned IMarch 3, 1797. J. Dayton, 
of N. J., speaker. — Federalist. 

='^Extra session called to count the electoral votes. The 
most important acts of this session was the adoption of the 
first ten amendments, regulations of commerce, settlement 
of the Tariff and a preparation of a plan for the settlement 
of the public debt. 



88 Analysis of American History, 

WHISKY REBELLION. 

I. Date: 1794. 

II. Places: 

(a) Pennsylvania; (b) North Carolina; (c) Virginia. 

III. Cause: 

Through the efforts of Alex. Hamilton to restore com- 
mercial confidence and to place the new government on a 
firmer financial basis the passage of the Excise Tariff Bill 
was secured, March 3, 1791, which increased the duty on 
imported liquors from twenty to forty cents a gallon and 
also placed a tax on distillation. This proved very distaste- 
ful to distillers, through scarcity of money, had been using 
whisky as a medium of exchange. 

IV. Events: 

1. Tax Collectors tarred and feathered, whipped, house.^ 
burned. 

2. First militia dispersed — Insurrectionary leaders. — 
Bradford and John Holcraft, sometimes called "Tom the 
Tinker." — mail robbed. 

3. Seven thousand militia gathered upon the old field 
of Braddock's defeat, Aug. 1, 1794 — dispersed when told to 
capture Fort Pitt. 

4. Fifteen thosuand men led by the Governors of Vir- 
ginia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania were placed by Wash- 
ington under the immediate command of Gen. Henry Lee. 
and the rioters quickly iled upon the appearance of these 
troops. • 

5. Only two of the rioters were convicted of treason and 
these received pardon at the hands of the President. 

V. Result: 

On account of its being the first rebellion, of any con- 
sequence after the formation of the Constitution it showed 
the power of the new government m protecting its interests 
— 15,000 militia. Quote the language of the Constitution, 
which provides for the calling forth of the militia. How 
many times and on what dates has this been done? 



Anaij'sis of American History. 89 

The Administration of Jno. Adams of Massachusetts and Thos. 
Jefferson of Virginia. 

I. Date: 1797-1801. 

II. Party: Federalist. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, T. Pickering, of Mass; J. Mar- 
shall of Virgiuia. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, O. Walcott of Conn.; S. 
Dexter of Mass. 

3. Secretaries of War, J. McHenry of Md.; S. Dexter, 
of Mass.; R. Griswold, of Conn. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, Geo. Cabot of Mass.; Benjamin 
Stoddert of Md. 

.5. Postmaster General, Joseph Habersham, of Ga. 
6. Attorneys General, Charles Lee, of Va. ; T. Parsons, 
of Mass. 

IV. Folicy, — Same as His Predecessor. 

V. Events: 

1. Extra Session of Congress, 1797 

2. Embassy to France. — X. Y. Z. mission, 1797 

(a) American Agents — Pinckney (our minister) Marsh- 
all, Gerry. 

(b) French agents, — Hottinguer, Bellamy, Hauteval. 

(c) Talleyrand (Prime minister — France refused to 
receive our agents unless the following conditions were met: 

1. Apoligize for the actions of President Adams. 

2. Pay each member of the Directory $50,000. 

3. Pay tribute to the French Government. 

Result — failure — New Embassy formed, 1799 

American Agents — Ellsworth, (chief justice), Davis, Vans 
Murray — meets the approval of France, — Napoleon had de- 
clared, "the reign of the lawyers to be at an end" overthrew 
the Directory and made himself ' First Consul" and hastily 
signed the Treaty of Morfontaine, Sept. 30, 1800— This 
treaty was also called the, "Convention of 1800." 

3. Quasi War (see above) 1798-1700 

War with France— July 30, 1798 to Sept. 30, 1800. There 



90 Analysts of American History. 

were several desperate maritime combats with varying 
fortune, but no land fighting. France being to busy on the 
European theater and we being to weak. Geo. Washington 
was made liieut. General and commander-Jn-chief and our 
regular army was raised from 3,000 or 4,000 to over 50,000. 
4. Alien and Sedition Laws passed, 1798 

(a) Alien Law — Empowered the president to send out 
of the country, at short notice, any alien whom he mighc 
consider dangerous and lengthening the lime requisite for 
becoming a citizen of the United Statese to fourteen years — 

Matthew Lyon, prosecuted. Law expired, ISOO. 

(b) Sedition Law — Limited the freedom of the press t^ 
criticises the government — Holt and Callendar prosecuted. 
Law expired 1801. Penal offences under the sedition law: 

1. Defaming Congress or the President. 

2. Exciting the hatred of the people against them. 

3. Stirring up sedition in the United States. 

4. Raising unlawful combinations for resisting laws. 

.5. Aiding foreign nations against the United States. 

Purpose — To save the Federal party from the Republi- 
can press. They were largely the cause of the Federal 
downfall.— 1816. 

5. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions adopted 1798-1799 

(a) Kentucky Resolutions, — nine in number — Formed 
by Jefferson but introduced into the legislature of Kentucky 
by Jno. Breckinridge. They declared the Constitation to be a 
Compact, in which each state was a party and asserted that 
the state itself has the right to decide whether or not it will 
abide by a Federal law. 

(b) Virginia Resolutions — Framed by Madison about 
the same as the Kentucky Resolutions, except that the 
Virginia Resolutions declared that the states may judge 
and apply the remedy in case of Federal usurpation. Both 
laws were framed in direct opposition to the broad con- 
struction view of the Constiution and declared the Alien 
and Sedition Laws uncorstitutinal. Upon these resolutions 
the later doctrines of nullification and secession were bas- 
ed. 



Analysis of American History. 91 

6. The Eleventh Amendment proclaimed to bein force, 
January S, ITl'S. 

7. National Quarantine act passed (first) 1799 

S. John Fries's Rebellion — Direct Tax — Paries pardon- 
ed, 1798 

9. Miranda plot — failure, 179& 

10. Department of navy created 1798 

11. Lieut. Genera] created, 179S — abolished, 1799 

12. Death of Washington, 1799 

13. Publication of the National song "Hail Columbia" 
1798. 

14. Seat of Government moved to Washington, ..1800 

15. John Marshall appointed as Chief Justice, 1800 

16. Gabriel's Insurrection — failure, 1800 

17. Second Census,— 5,308,937, ISOO 

18. Ti-eeaty of Ildefonso — France and Spain — La.,. 1800 

19. Pre-Emption law passed — (first), 1801 

20. Midnight appointments ISOl 

Sixteen Circut Judges and many other inferior officers were 
appointed by Adams during the last twenty days of his term 
most of the papers were signed just before midnight, March 
3, 1801. They were all members of his party. He probably 
thought that this would be a blow at Jefferson's success. 

Presidential Campaign, 1800 

1. Political parties and candidates. 

(a) Federalist — Adams, Pinckney, Jay. 

(b) Republican — Jefferson, Burr. 

2. Issue: 

Unwise legislation — Alien and sedition laws. 

3. Result— Vote. Basis, 33,000; number of electors, 105 
Electoral — Adams, 65; Pinckney 64; Jay, 1; Jefferson, 

73; Burr, 73. 

NOTE — The house decided after six days, on the 35th 
ballot by a vote of ten to 'four in favor of Jefferson, two vot- 
ing blank. 

Congresses. Fifth — 

*Met May 15, 1797 adjourned .Tuly 10, 1797. 
Met Nov. 13, 1797 adjourned July IG, 1798. 



92 Analysis of American History. 

Met Dec. 3, 1798 adjourned March 3, 1799. J. Daytoii; ol 
N. J., Speaker — Federalist. 

Congresses. Sixth — 

Met Dec. 2, 1789 adjourned May 14, 1800. 

Met Nov. 17, ISOO adjourned March 3, 1801. Theo Sedg- 
wick, of Mass., speaker — Federalist. 

♦Extra session called to consider complicated relations 
with France. 



The Administration of Thos.. Jefferson, of Virginia, and Aaron 
Burr of New York. 



I. 


Date: 1801-1809. 


11. 


Party Republican. 


III. 


Cabinet: 



1. Secretary of State, James Madison of Va. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, S- Dexter, of Mass. 

3. Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn of Mass. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, Benj. Stoddert and Robert 
Smith of Maryland. 

D. Postmaster General, Joseph Habersham, of Ga. 

G. Attorney General, Levi Lincoln of Mass. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Strict construction view of the Constitution. 

2. Advocated simplicity and economy. 

3. Favored France rather than England. 

4. Opposed the assumption of the state and domestic 
debts. 

5. Opposed internal taxation and national bank. 

6. Favored the doctrine of state sovereignity. 

V. Events: 

i. First written message to Congress — Jefferson ..1801 

2. Republican reforms: 

(a) Abolished the Internal Revenue system. Pre-emp- 
tion law passed. 

(b) Reduced the Navy to thirteen vessels; the army to 
2,500 men. 



A/ia/j'sis 0/ American H 'story. 93 

(c) Reduced the expenses of the government to $3,700,- 
000. 

.(d) Reduced the public debt from $83,000,0000 to $45,- 
000,000. 

(c) Changed the style, manners and customs of the 
times. 

3. Military Academy established. West Point,. .. .1802 

4. Purchase of La. Territory,\ 1803 

5. Ohio admitted, Feb. 19, 1803 

6. Rotation in office — 39 officers removed, 1803 

7. Judge Chase impeached, 1804 

8. Lewis and Clarke's expedition 1804-6 

9. Hamilton and Burr duel, 1804 

10. Twelvth Amendment proclaimed to be in force, 
Sept. 24, 1804. 

11. Tripolitan War, 1801-05 

War with Tripoli June 10, 1801 to June 4, 1805. Our mili- 
tary and naval forces brought the north African Arabian 
pirates to terms, something that several European powers 
had beeen unable to do. Commodore Preble commanded the 
American naval forces. Young Stephen Decatur distinguish- 
ed himself in this war. Preble made several attacks upon 
the town of Tripoli and the shipping in the harbor, destroy- 
ing several of the Tripolitan gunboat.s and capturing others. 
Commodore S. Barron relieved Preble Sept. 10, 1804. Bar- 
ron was subsequently relieved by Capt. John Rodgers. 
Preble did the most effective work. Treaty of peace an<l 
friendship was concluded, the United States agreeing to 
pay $60,000 for the release of the crew of the ill-fated Phil- 
adelphia. 

Presidential Campaign, 1804 

1. Political parties and candidates: 

(a) Republican, Jeit'erson and Clinton. 

(b) Federalist, Pinckney and King 

2. Result— Vote: 

Electoral — Jefferson and Clinton 1G2; Pinckney and 
King, 14. 
Cabinet: 
1. Secretary of State, James Madison, of Va. 



94 Analysis of Ajnencan History. 

2. Secretary of Treasurj-, Albert Gallatin, of Pa. 

3. Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn of Mass. 

5. Postmaster General, Gideon Granger, of Conn. 

6. Attorneys General, Rob't Smith of Md.; J. Breckin- 
bridge of Ky. ; C. A. Rodney of Del. 

Events: 

1. Burr's insurrection, 1805 

2. Expeditions of Z. Pike 1805-6 

3. Sabine expedition, 1806 

i. National Road appropriation — $30,000, 1806 

5. Non-Importation act 1806 

6. Orders in council, 1806-07 

7. French Decrees 1806-07 

8. Embargo act, 1807 

9. Invention of the steamboat, — Fulton 1807 

10. Chesapeake and Leopard affair, 180V 

11. Importation of slaves forbidden, 180S 

12. Non-Intercourse Act 1809 

Presidential Campaign, 1808 

1. Political parties and candidates. 

(a) Republican, Madison and Clinton. 

(b) Federalist, Pinckney and King. 

2. Issues: 

(a) Embargo act. (b) War of 1S12. (c) Foreign 

policy. 

3. Result — Vote: Basis, 33.000; number of electors 141 
Electoral — Madison, 122; Clinton 113; Pinckney, 47; 

King 47. 

Congresses. Seventh. — 

Met Dec. 7, 1801 adjourned May 3, 1802. 
Met Dec. 6, 1802 adjourned March 3, 1803.— N. Macon of 
N. C, speaker — Republican. 

Congresses. Eighth. — 

Met Oct. 17, 1803 adjourned March 27, 1804. 
Met Nov. 5, 1804 adjourned March 3, 1805. N. Macon, 
speaker, — Republican. 

Congresses. Ninth. — 

Met Dec. 2, 1805 adjourned April 21, 1806. 



Analysis of American History. 95 

Met Dec. 1. 1806 adjourned March 3, 1807. N. Macon, 
speaker — Rupublican. 

Congresses. Tentth — 

Met Oct. 26, liOl adjourned April 25, 1808. 
Met Nov. 7, 1S08 adjourned March 3, 1809. J. B. Var- 
num, of Mass., speaker — Republican. 



THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE, 

I. Time: K. .Sr^Si-^^ 

Lower Louisiana, Nov. 30, 1803 — treaty signed at New 

Orleans. Upper Louisiana, March 8th to 10th, 1804 — treaty., 
-signe d - at O t . Lt > u ts. 

n. From Whom: France — Napoleon Bonaparte. 

III. Causes of Sale (France.) 

1. To keep it from falling into England's possession. 

2. The money would aid him in the creation of new 
armies. 

IV. Causes of Purchase (United States.) 

1. The control over the Mississippi river by a foreign 
power; was a natural danger to our government 

2. England owned Canada, and in case of war, France 
and England would make north-western United States 
their battle ground. 

3. The best interests of our government were imperil- 
ed by the presence on our soil of any foreign power. 

V. Commissioners: 

French — (a) M. Laussat. (bj Francois de Barbe. (c) 
Talleyrand. ( P minister). 

American — (a) R. R. Livingston, (b) James Monroe. 

VI. Terms: 

Mr. Livingstone s first offer was 20,000,000 francos. Napo- 
leon thought this to low, and offered to take 125,000.000 
frances. It was finally bought for 80,000,000 of (ranees 
which was 30.000,000 frances more than we would have paid 
had our commissioners insisted on that sum. The actual 
cost in United States money was $27,267,621.98, of which 



g6 Analyst's o/ American History, 

$15,00,000 was purchase money, $8,529,353 representea the 
interest upon that amount to the redemption of the bonds 
that were issued to cover it, and $3,738,628.98 the French 
spoliation claims which were paid by the United States 
under the treaty. Napoleon promised not to sell the bonds 
at such a price as to injure the credit of the United States, 
Area 1,182,755 square miles. Comprismg the states of 
Louisiana, Arkansas, Missiouri, Iowa, North and South Da- 
kota, Nebraska and Indian Territory. Portions of Montana 
Wyoming, Colorado, Minnesota, Kansas and Oklahoma Ter- 
ritory. Population, 80,000. 

VIII. Results: 

1. Prevented foreign nations from getting it. 

2. Gave us control of the great west — more than doubled 
our area. 

3. Prevented disputes with France about it. 

■}. Great commercial advantages together with New 
Orleans. 

5. Gave rise to the Missouri Compromise. 

6. Furnished a precedent for later purchases. 



ACTS PASSED BY THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. 

1. Non-Importation Act. 

Passed April IS, 1806. It prohibited trade with Great 
Britain and her colonies. Went into effect December 4, 
1806. 

2. Embargo Act. 

Passed Dec. 22, 1807. It provided that all American 
vessels were detained in the ports of the United States. 
Repealed Feb. 28, 1809. 

3. Non-lntercouse Act. 

Passed March 1, 1809. It forbade the entrance to Ameri- 
can porta of public or private British or French vessels, all 
commercial intercourse with France or Great Britain, and 
the importation after May 20, 1809, of goods grown or manu- 
factured in France or Great Britain or their colonies. 



Analysis oj American History. gy 

Macon Bill No. 2. 

Passed May 1, 1810. Author, N. Macon, of North Caro- 
lina. It restored trade with France and England, but de- 
clarea that if either would withdraw its decress or orders, 
the Tnited States would stop all trade with the other. 



DECREES PASSED BY THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT. 

1. Berlin Decree. 

Issued by Napoleon, Nov. 21, 1806. So-called because 
he was at Berlin when he issued it. It declared the British 
Islands in a state of blockade and forbade commerce with 
them and declared all merchandise belonging to English- 
men or transported from England lawful prize. Ruinous to 
our carrying trade. 

2. Milan Decree. 

Issued by Napoleon, Dec. 7, 1807. So-called because he 
was at Milan when he issued it. Thenceforth any ship that 
submitted to be searched by British cruisers or took out 
British licence or entered any port from which French ships 
were excluded, were subject to capture wherever found. 

3. Bayonne Decree. 

Issued by Napoleon, April 17, 1808. It ordered that all 
American ships which should enter the ports of France, 
Italy or the Hanse towns should be captured. He held the 
belief that the American vessels could not do this with out 
violating the laws of said states. 

4. Rambouilet Recree. 

Issued by Napoleon, March 23, 1810. It ordered the im- 
mediate seizure and sale of American vessels, whether in 
French ports or those of territories occupied by French 
armies. Issued in retaliation for the repeal of our non-im- 
portation act. It was not made known to the United States 
until the following July. 

5.. , Trianon Decree. 

Issued by Napoleon August 5, 1810. Issued at the palace 
of the Trianon, France. It ordered the immedate confisca- 



98 Analysis of American History. 

tion of all American vessels and cargoes brought in prior to 
May 1, 1810 and ordering that until Nov. 1 American vessels 
were to be allowed to enter French harbors, but not to un- 
load without his permission. Napoleon promised to revoke 
his Berlin and Milan Decrees, and trade was resumed with 
France Nov. 1, ISIO. But the villainy of Napoleon was soon 
revealed; for on Dec. 25, 1810 all the ships in French ports 
were seized and $10,000,000 worth of property was confiis- 
cated. 



ORDERS ISSUED BY THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 

1. Orders in Council. 

Issued, June 8, 1793. Prohibited trade with France and 
directed the seizure of neutral ships engaged in the traffic. 

2. Orders in Council. 

Issued, May, 1806. Declared the whole coast of Europe, 
from Bresc to the mouth of the Elbe, to be blockaded, called 
"paper blockade." 

3. Orders in Council. 

Issued Jan, 1807. It forbade neutrals to trade from one 
European port to another, if both were in the possession of 
France and her allies. 

4. Orders in Council. 

Issued Nov. 1807. It declared every port on the face of 
the earth from which British ships were excluded, was 
shut to neutrals, unless they first stopped at some British 
ports and obtained license. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON OF VA., AND 
GEO. CLINTON, OF NEW YORK. 

{...Date: 1803-1817. 

II. P^rty: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, Robert Smith, of Md.; James 
Monroe, of Va. 



Analysis 0/ American History. 99 

2. Secretary ol" Treasury, Albert Gallatin of Peiin. 

3. Secrearies of War, Wm. Eustis, of Mass.; John 
Armstrong of New York. 

4. Secretary of Navy, Paul Hamilton, of S. C. 

5. Postmaster General, Gideon Granger, of Conn. 

0. Attorneys General, C. A. Rodney of Del.; Wm. Pinck- 
ney, of Md. 

NOTE— W. H. Crawford filled the unexpired term of 
Clinton. 

iV. Policy: 

1. Payment of the national debt. 

2. State Rights, doctrine maintained. 

3. Reduction of taxes, duties and navy. 

4. Strict opposition to all money except gold and 
silver. 

5. National government curtailed — Democracy develop- 
ed. 

V. Events: 

1. Macon Bill, 1809 

2. Rambouillet and Trianon Decreees passed — France,. 
1810. 

3. Naval battle — Presideni and Little Belt. (See out- 
line,) 1811 

4. Third census— 7,239,814, 1810 

5. Bill for rechartering the Nat'l bank vetoed — Clinton's 
deciding vote, 1811 

G. Henry Letters — Madison paid $50,000 — fraud, 1811 

7. Fjattle of Tippecanoe, 1811 

8. American antiquarian so. formed — I. Thomas 1812 

9. Death of Vice President Clinton, April 20, 1812 

jO. War declared. (See outline of engagments) June 

19, 1812. 

11. Rockingham convention, 1812" 

12. Gerrymandering, 1812 

Presidential campaign, 1812' 

1. Political Parties" 

(a) Republican — Madison and Gerry. 

(b) Federalist — De Witt Clinton and J. Ingersoll. 

2. Result— Vote: 

L.ofC. 



100 Analysts of Ajnerican History. 

Electoral — Madison, J 28; Clinton, 89; Gerry. 131; Inger- 
soll, 86. 

Cabinet (Second Term.) 

1. Secretary of State, James Monroe, of Va. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, G. W. Campbell of Tenn.; 
A. I. Dallas of Penu. 

3. Secretaries of War, Jno. Armstrong of New York; 
W. H. Crawford of Ga. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, B. W. Crowinshield, of Mass.; 
Wm. Jones, of Penn. 
Jones, of Penn. 

5. Postmaster General, R. J. Meigs, of O. 

6. Attorney general, Richard Rush, of Penn, 

NOTE — John Galliard through the death of Gerry, acted 
as Vice President. 

E\ ents: 

1. Peoria Indian War, 111., 1813 

2. Hartford Convention, 1814 

3. Dartmour massacre, '. 1815 

4. Trouble with Algiers, 1815 

5. Second national bank chartered 1816 

6. Tarift Act of 1816, 1816 

7. Death of Vice President Gerry Nov. 23, 1814 

8. La. and Ind. admitted, 1812-16 

Presidential Campaign 1816 

1. Political Parties; 

(a) Republican — Monroe and Tompkins. 

(b) Federalist — King and Howard. 

2. Issue — None. 

3. Result— Vote. Basis 35,000. Number of electors 181. 
Electoral — Monroe and Tompkins. 183; King 34; Howard 

22. 

Congresses. Eleventh — 

*Met May 22, 1809 adjourned June 28, 1809. 
Met Nov. 27, 1809 adjourned May 1, 1810. 
Met Dec. S, 1810 adjourned March 3, 1811 J. B. Varum, 
of Massachusetts, speaker. Republican. 



Analysis of American Histoiy. loi 

Congresses. Twelvth — 

xMet Nov. 4, 1811 adjourned July 6, 1812 
Met Nov. 2, 1S12 adjourned March 3, 1813. H. Clay of 
Kentucky, speaker, Republican. 

Congresses. Thirteenth — 

*Met May 24, 1813 adjourned A\ig. 2, 1813. 
Met Dec. 6, 1813 adjourned April IS, 1814. 
Met Sept. 19, 1814 adjourned March 3, 1815. H. Clay, Ky. 
and L. Cleves of S. C, speakers. 

Congresses. Fourteenth — 

Met Dec. 4, 1815 adjourned April 30, 1816. 

Met Dec. 2, 1S16 adjourned March 3, 1817. H. Clay, 
speaker. Republican. 

*Extra session, called to suspend the Non-Intercourse Act 
but England disavowed the offer of their minister (Mr. Ers- 
kine) and the act was immediately restored. 

*Extra session called to consider the plans of raising 
money for the war and the proifered mediation of the Czar of 
Russia. 



WAR OF 1812. 

I. Date: June 19, 1812 to Dec. 24, 1314. 

II. Causes: 

1. Remote: 

(a) Tecumseh's war on the frontier. 

(.b) Henry Letters, (c) Right of search. 

(d) Love of France and hatred toward England. 

2. Immediate: 

(a) Violation of American Commercial Laws. 

III. Acts and Events Influencing. 

1. British Orders in Council 

2. Six thousand American seamen had been forced inta 
the Britsh Navy. 

3. Nine hundred vessels had been confiscated. 

4. Chesapeake and Leopard affair. (-1807) 

5. President and Little Belt affair. (1811.) 



I02 Analysis of American History. 

IV. Forces Compared: 

(a) England-army well equipped — Navy 1200 vessels. 

(b) American — undisciplined and poorly equipped — 
Navy 16 vessels. 

NOTE — Chief reasons for the success of the American 
navy was the experience it had gained in the Quasi and Tri- 
politan wars. 

V. Commanders-in-chief: 

American — (a) Dearborn; (b) Brown; (c) Wilkinson. 
British — (a) Sir Isaac Brook; (b) Sir Geo. Prevost. 

VI. Engagements — Land and Naval (See outline.) 

VII. Treaty: 

1. Signed, Dec. 2-1, J 814. Place: Ghent, Belgium. 

2. Commissioners: 

(a) British — (a) Lord Gambler; (b) Henry Goulburn; 
(c) \Vm. Adams. 

(b) American — (a) J. Q. Adams; (b) J. A. Bayard; (c) 
H. Clay; (dj J. Russell; (e) Albert Gallatin. 

3. Provisions: 

(a) Universal peace between the belligerent nations, (b) 

Restoration of all territory, (c) Complete cessation of hos- 
tilities, (d) Freedom of all captured soldiers, (e) Settle- 
ment of the north-estern boundary line by some friendly 
power, (f) Promotion of the abolition of the slave trade. 

VIII. Evil Effects: 

1. Cost about $80,000,000, 1683 vessels and 18,000 sailors 
lost. Gt. Britain lost 1750 vessels. 

2. Ruinous to our commerce and general depression. 

3. Increased the national debt to about $127,000,000. 
The number of men enlisted in this was were 576,622. 

IX. Good Effects: 

1. Secured the respect of European nations. 

2. By being severed commercially from Great Britain 
caused extensive manufactures to be established and encour- 
aged. 

3. Showed the impossibility of gaining a permanent 
foothold on our territory. 



Analysts of American History. 103 

4. Aroused the national sentiment and helped to con- 
solidate the union. 

5. The failure to invade Canada, though attempted by 
brave men proved that our strength lay in defensive warfare. 

6. While the treaty was a failure in some respects it did 
much to soften the partisan asperities in America, thus 
paving the way for the "era of good feeling." 



104 



Analysis of American History. 



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io6 Analysis of Atnerican Histoty. 

FIRST SEMINOLE WAR. 

1812. Seminole Warin Florida and Georgia, August 15, 
to October, 1812. Spanish Florida invaded by Georgia militia 
under General Newman, and the Seminoles under King Payne 
defeated. These disturbances never ceased until Florida 
was ceded by Spain to the United States. In fact oue band 
of the Seminoles were never conquered and reside in Florida 
to this day. 



CREEK WAR. 



1813-1814. Creek Indian War in Alabama. It was in this 
war that General Andrew Jackson first attracted attention 
as a commander. He defeated the Creeeks in a bloody en- 
gagement at Talledega, Nov. 9, 1813, at Emuckfau Jan. 22, 
1814, at Enotochopco, Jan. 24, and finally at the Horseshoe 
Bend of the Tallapoosa River March 27, 1814, which humbled 
the Creek pride completely. At this battle 750 Creeks were 
killed or drowned and 201 whites were either killed or 
wounded. In this war the brave Creeks lost 2,000 warriors. 
But 10 years afterward the trible still numbered 22,000. Wm. 
Weatherford was the Indian leader. 



HARTFORD CONVENTION. 

I. Date:.. Dec. 15, 1314 to Jan. 5, 1815. 

II. Place: Hartford, Conn. 

III. Representation: 

Delegates from Mass., Conn., and Rhode Island. 

IV. President: 

Geo. Cabot. Secretary, Theodore Dwight. 

V. Causes: 

1. Opposition to the War of 1812. 

2. General policy of the administration. 

VI. Resolutions — Principal. 

1. In declaring war and admitting states a two-thirds 
vote should be necessary. 



Ajialysis of American History. 107 

2. Foreigners not allowed to hold office. 

0. President only allowed to serve one term, and should 
not be chosen from the same state two consecutive terms. 

4. Congress should not have full power over commer- 
cial relations. 

5. Representatives apportioned according to the num- 
ber of free inhabitants. 

VII. Results: 

1. Caused the finnl disruption of the Federal party. 

2. Caused great excitement in the administration. 

3. Little hope of political preferment remained for' its 
participants. 

NOTE — Secreetary Dwight published in 1833 a history 
of this convention in which he succeeded, in the estimation 
of most people in exonerating ihe convention from the 
charge of treason. 



THE ADiVIINiSTRATION OF JAMES MONROE OF VA., AND D. 
D. TOMPKINS OF NEW YIRK. 

I. Oate; 1817-1825. 

il. Party: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, J. Q. Adams, of Mass. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, W. H. Crawford, of Ga. 

J. Secretaries of War, Geo. Graham, of Va. ; J. C. Cal 
houn of S. C. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, B W. Crowinshield, of Mass.; 
Smith Thompson, of New York. 

r\ Postmaster General, R. J. Meigs, og Ohio. 

6. Attorney General, William Wirt, of Va. 

IV. Policy: 

Ke reprsi^nted substantially the same principles as Jef- 
ferson and M.adis-on. 

V^ Events: 

1. Seminole War, 1S17-18 

2. President's tour of the East 1S17 



io8 Analysis of American History, 

3. Trouble with the buccaneers on Amelia and Galves- 
ton Islands, 1817 

4. Mips.; Hi., Ala., JN'aine and Mo., admitted. .1817-18-19- 
20-21. 

5. Erie Canal constructed 1817-26 

6. Agreeement relative to the Great Lakees 1817 

7. American society for the encouragement of American 
manufactures formed, 1817 

8. Purchase of Florida — Treaty with Spain, 1819 

9. Financial Crisis, 1819 

10. First steamer crossed the Atlantic from Savannah 

to Liverpool, 1819 

Name ot ship — Savannah, owned and commanded by M. 
Rodgers of New London, Conn. 

11. Columbian institute founded — Barlow, 1819 

12. Fourth Census— 9,638,191, 1820 

13. Missouri compromise, 1818-20 

Pre&ideni-il campaign 1820 

1. Political parties and candidates: 

Republican (really only one party) Monroe, J. Q. Adams, 
Tompkins, Stockton, Rodney, Harper and Rush. 

2. Result— Vote : 

Morroe, 231; Adams, 1; (cast by Mr. Plummer of N. H.) 
Tompkins, 218; Stockton, S; Uoduey, 4; Harper and Rush 
1 vote each. 

Cabinet (Second term.) 

1. Secretary of State, J. Q. Adams of Mass. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, W. H. Crawford of Ga. 

3. Secretary of War, .J. C. Calhoun, of S. C. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, (a) Smith Thompson, of N. Y. ; 
(b) S. L. Southard of N. J. 

5. Postmasters General (a) R. J. Meigs of O. ; -Tohn Mc 
Lear, of Ohio. 

6. .Attorney General. William Wirt, of Va. 

V. Events: 

1 Monroe inauguarated March 5, 1821 

2. Florida divided into East and West Florida 1822 

3. Holy Alliance — Prussia, Russia, and Austria 1822 

4. Independence of Mexico recognized by IT. S. ..1822 



Analysis of American History. 109 

5. Monroe doctrine, 1823 

0. Campaign against BJackteeot and Ariclvaree Indians 
— Uljper Mo., River 1823 

7. La Fayette's visit, 1824 

Congress voted him $200,000 and a township of laud in Fla. — 
24,000 acres. 

8. New national issues, 1824 

0. Tariff Bill of 1824, 1824 

Presidential Campaign, 1824 

1. Candidates — really only one parly. Republican— 
"Scrub Race." 

(a) J. Q. Adams — Northern section. 

())) V^ H Crawford (caucus candidate) — Soutliern sec- 
tion. 

(c) H. Clay and Andrew Jackson — Western section. 

Vice Presidentr- — J. C. Calhoun, N. Sanford. N. Macon. 
A. Jackson, M. Va nBuren, H. Clay. 

2. Issues : 

Tariff and Internal Improvements had not been long 
enough before the country to be distinctly party issues. So 
it was simply a choice of men — personal contest. 

o. Result — Vote: Basis 40,000. Number of electors 212 

Electoral — Adams 84; Jackson 99; Clay 39; Crawford 41; 
Vice— Calhoun, 182; Sanford, ZO; Macon, 24; Jackson 13; 
Van Biu'er. 9; Clay 2. Adams was chosen by the H. of R. 
Presdeut and Calhoun Vice President 
Congresses. Fifteenth — 

Met Dec. 1, 1817 adjourned April 20, 1818. 

Met Nov. 16, 1818 adjourned March 3, 1819. H. C:ay of 
Ken., speaker. Republican. 
Congresses. Sixteenth — 

Met Lcc. 6. 1819 adjourned May 15, 1820. 

Met Nov. 13 1820 adjourned March 3, 1821. Speakers 
•H. Clay, republican, J. W. Taylor of New York (Loose con- 
stiuotoinst.) 



♦Resigned. 



1 1 o Analyst's of American History. 

Congresses. Seventeenth — 

Dec 3 1821 adjourned May 8, 18:?2. 

Met Dec. 2. 1822 adjourned March 3, 1823. P. P. Barbour 
of Va., spealior (Strict constructionist.) 

Congresses. Eighteenth — 

Met Dec. 1. 1823 adjourned May 27, 1824. 
Met Dec. 6, 1824 adjourned March 3, 1825. H. Clay, 
speakei' (Loose Constructoinist.) 



SECOND SEMINOLE WAR 1&17-1818 

Serainole War in Florida and Georgia, Nov. 20, 1817 to 
Oct 31, 18JS. During ]81i', there were constant collisions and 
massacres of the whites. Gen. E. P. Gaines was sent against 
them; he accomplished little. Gen. A. Jackson, was next 
sent. Vith a A'olunteer force of 1,000 riflemen from western 
Tovinessee, he marched into the Spanish territory, built Ft. 
Gadsden, and captured StMark's and Peiii^'acola, hanged R. 
C. Ambrister, an Englishman and A. Asbuthnot a Scotshmau, 
for secretly aiding the Indians and said he regretted that he 
di([ not bans the Spanish governor. U was in this campaign 
that lie had six of his militiamen shot because they claimed 
that iheir terra of enlistnieni had expired. They were inno- 
cent. He tried afterwards to shift all of these aggressions 
upon the shoulders of Pres. Monroe, but it is not right'y 
ki own where the greater pait oi the blame should be placed. 
Pie succeeded in bringing the Indians to terms thus, shaping 
the way for the final cession of the territory whch took place 
the following year. 



ERIE CANAL. 



Commenced. 1817. Completed 182^. Cost $52,540,800. 
Leugth, 383 miles. Number of locks 72. Navigable depth, 
7 feet. It extends from Troy, New York, to Albany New 
York. Other important cities through which it passes are: 
Cohoes, Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse and Rochester. 



Analysis of American Histojy. 1 1 1 

PURCHASE OF FLORIDA. 

I. Date: 1319. 

II. Of Whom: Spain. 

III. Cause of Sale: 

1. Two acts made Spam's future possession of Florida 
doubtful — (a) Through English inducements a great many 
Americans sortleil Jn the territory west of the Appalachicola 
river (\\'^est Florida) while it was under tte contro. of Eng- 
land, 1763 to 1783, thus; nfluencing the United States to an- 
nex, at different limes, portinos of these lands to the territory 
of Orleans. 

(b) To prevent England from making Pensacola a base 
of supplies with Spain as her aid. Gen. A. Jackson seized the 
city (1814) and other encroa."hments were made by the 
United States in 1810 and 1818. 

2. It was during this period that Spam was striving to 
cnntrol her South American and Mexican colonies and could 
use the money better than she could use this doubtful pos- 
session. . . 

IV. Causes of Purchase: 

1. To rid ourselves of troublesome neighbors — securing 
protection of our people. 

2 To stop the expense of returning fugitive slaves to 
the southern states. 

3 To secu'-e peace and quietness in the southern states. 
i To remove from our people all temptation to future 

invasion. 

V. Territory: 

Area 59,2C8 square miles. Cost $6,489,768. Population 
(1819) nearly 4,000. States— The present state of Florida 
and slight portions of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. 

Vj. Commissioners: 

1. (American) — S. Q. Adams. 

2. (Spanish) — Senor Onis. 

VII. Treaty: 

Signel at Washington, Feb. 22, 1819, out Spain did not 
ratify the treaty and demove her forces until 1821. 



112 Analysis of American History. 

VIII. Results: 

L Spain released all claim to the Pacific coast north 
of 42 degrees 

2. Placed the estern boundary of Mexico at the Sabine 
River. 

3. Gave us control of the territory on the Gulf of Mexico 

4. Added more power to the slave holding states. 



CLAY'S PLAN— MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 

I. Time: March 3, 1820 

JI. Author: 

Sen. J. B. Thomas, of 111. — carried through congress by the 
persistent efforts of Henry Clay of Ky., bills of a similar na- 
lute had previously been introduced into Congress by Tall- 
madge and Taylor of New York. 

III. Conditions of Plan: 

Missouri to be admitted as a slave state. 

2. Remainder of Louisana to be divided by the paralell 
of 36 degrees 30 degrees north latitude. 

3. in admitting statees south of this line, the people 
might determne the question. 

4. Slavery prohibitei". \v all states formed from the ter- 
ritory north of this line. 

IV. Results: 

1. The slavery agitation was allayed until 1849. 

2. During the next session of congress a bill was pass- 
ed preventing free negroes and mulattoes from settling in 
Missouri under any pretext. Thus, negroes in that state 
were to have no right — under no circustances citizens. 
So, it seems plain that the Federal governmen not nly made 
itself responsible for slavery; but aided in its establishment 
where it had not previously existed. 

3. Made an open fight between freedom and slavery 
ever afterwards 



Analysis of American History. 1 1 3 

THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 

I. Time: 1823, Dec. 2. 

II. Author: 

Attributed to J. Q. Adams — made known in Monroe mes- 
sage to Congress^ 

III. Cause: 

A congress of delegates ;-epresenting Prussia, Austria, 
Russia and France while sitting at Verona, Itaiy in Oct. 1822 
proposed to the other European nations that they join in as- 
siting Spain to recover her losf provinces in America. It is 
sometimes known as the "Holy Alliance" — Object, "divine 
right of kings" and preservation of the territorial integrity 
of the continent. 

IV. Statements: 

J . To Russia — That the American continents, are hence- 
forth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization 
by any European Power. 

2. To the Holy Allies — That the Uniied States would 
not meddle in the political affairs of the Old World. 

0. That the Old World must not seek to control, in any 
manner, the nations of the New. 

V. Resnils: 

1. Prohibited the Holy Allies from meddling in South 
.t^;il(.'•■ican iffairs. 

2. Russia agreed (1824) to make no settlement south 
of 54 degrees 40 minutes. 

3. Has been a constant safe guard of American liberties. 

4. No European nation has gained a permanent foothold 
on American soil since its adoution. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. Q. ADAMS OF MASS., AND J. C. 
CALHOUN OF S. C. 

I. Date: 1825-1829. 

II. Party: National Republican. 

III. CaDinet: 

1. Secretary of State, Henry Clay of Ky. 



1 1 4 Analysts of Avierican History. 

2 Secretary of Trea&ury, Richard Rubh of Pa. 
Secretaries of War, James Barbour of Va. ; P. B. Porter 
of New York. 

4. Attorney General, William Wirt of Va. 

5. Postmaster General, John McLean of Ohio. 

6. Secretary of Navy. S. L. Southard of New York 

IV. Policy: 

1. Favored a Protective Tariff — "American system." 

2. Favored the making of internal improvements at the 
expense of the Federal government. 

3. Favored the National Bank. 

4 Upheld the bread construction view of the Constiu- 
tion — while Adams was called a National Republican, his 
views were Federalistic. 

V. Events. 

1. Cornerstone of the Bunker Hill monument laid — 1825 

2. Owenite communitiees formed, 1825 

3. Panama congress proposed — United States not repre- 
sented, 1826 

4. Erie canal openefl — ("Clinton's big ditch") 1826 

5. Deaths of J. Adams and Thos. Jefferson, July 4, 1826 

6. Demise of Wm. Morgan, of N. Y. — Anti-Masonic 
party 1826 

7. The "American society for the Promotion of Temper- 
ance" formed -Boston, 1826 

8. Rise of the Mormons — Palmyra, N. Y. — Smith.. 182/ 

9. Winnebago expedition (no fighting) June to Sept. — 
La Fevre Indian War, 1827 

10. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. commenced — 1828 

11. Nat'l road completed— Time 14 years— Cost $1,700,- 
000,— Wheeling to Marj-land 1S2S 

12. Woolen Bill defeated, 1827 

13. Hoe's printing preps inventionr,, 1828 

14. Tariff of 1828- "Bill of Abombinations." 1828 

15. Webster's unabridged dictionary published. .. .1828 

16. Harrisbnrg Convention 1828 

Presidential campaign 1828 

1. Political parties and candidates. 

fa) National Republican (Adams men) Adams and Rush 



Analysis of American History. 1 1 5 

(b) Democrat — (Jackson men) Jackson and Calhoun. 

(c) AuLi-Masonic — Wirt. ' 

1. Issue — Personal choice between J. Q. Adams and 
Jackson — strife between democracy and tradition. 

3. Result — vote: Basis, 40,000. Number of electors 212 
Electoral— Jackson 17S; Adams 83; Calhoun 171 Rush 83. 

Congresses. Nineteenth — 

Met Dec. T>, 1825 adjourned May 22, 1826. 
Met Dec. 4. 1S2G adjourned March 3, 1827. J. W. Taylor 
.of New York, Speaker (L Constructionist.) 

Congresses. Twentieth — 

Met Dec. 3, 1827 adjourned May 26, 1828. 
Met Dec. 1, 1828 adjourned March 3, 1829. A. Steven- 
son of Va., speaker, Democrat. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF A. JACKSON OF TENN., AND J. 
C. CALHOUN OF S. C. 

I. Date: 1829-1837. 

II. Party: Democratic. 

[II. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, Martin Van Bureu of N. Y. ; 
Ed. Livingston of La. 

2. Secretaries of Tr^^asury, S. D. Ingham of Pa. ; Lewis 
McLane. of Del. 

3. Secretaries of War, J. H. Eaton of Tenn. ; Lewis Cass 
o? Michigan. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, John Branch of N. C. ; Levi 
Wooabury of N. H. 

5. Postmaster General, W. T. Barry of Ky. 

6. Attorneys General, J. IVL Berrien of Ga. ; R. B. Taney 
of Maryland. 

NOTE— H. L. White filled the unexpired term of J. C. 
Calhouu. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Opposed the making of Internal Improvements at. 
the expense of the general government. 



1 1 6 Analysis of American Hisiory. 



2. Opposed the National Bank and Protective Tariff 
sj'stem. 

3. Strict construction view of the constitution. 

Events: 

1. Message to Congress — attack on tlie bank, 1829 

2. The I'ostmaster General gven a seat in the cabinet, 
. . , 1829 

3. Delaware and Hudson Canal completed, 1829 

4. Political Revolution — 690 removals, 1829 

Before his tenn expired he made nearly 2,000 removals — 
chiefly for political purposes. Washington had made 9; J. 
Adams 9; Jefferson 39; Madison 5; Monroe 9; and J. Q. 
Adams 2. Total 73. 

5. Saf ty Fund Act— Van Buren, 1829 

6. Urst organized conference of .the Mormons, Fayette, 
New York 1830 

7. Foote Resolutions — Public Lands, 1830 

8. Webster-wayne debate — Constitutional supremacy, 
State Rights , 1830 

9. Fifth Census— 12,860,702 1830 

10. First number of the "Liberator" published — W. L. 
Garrison — Anti slavery societies, 1831 

11. Nat. Turner insurrection — 55 persons killed — Turn- 
er hanged, 1S31 

12. Sac and Fox troubles. Wis., and 111 1831 

13. Clay's infant school — First party platform, Wash- 
ington, 1832 

14. National Bank bill— vetoed 1832 

15. Ifulliti cation Act— S. Carolina 1832 

16. Asiatic cholera first appeared in America 1832 

.17. Force or Bloody bill passed March 2, 1833 

j8. Black Hawk War 1832 

19. Clay's compromise Tariff Bill passed ..March, 1833 

Presidential campaign, 1832 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions. 

(a) Democratic — Jackson and Van Buren — Baltimore, 
September, 1831. 

(b) Naf'Republican — Cla y and Sergeant — Baltimore, 
October, 1S31. 



Analysts of American History. i 17 

(c) Independent — Floyd and Lee. 

(d) Anti-Masonic — Wirt and Ellmaker — Baltimore, 
March, j832. 

2. Result — Vote. 

Jackson 219; Clay 49; Floyd 11; Wirt 7 

1. Secretaries of State, Lewis McLane, of Del. ; Joseph 
Forsyth, of Ga. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, W. Duane, of Pa.; R. B. 
Taney of Md.; Levi Woodbury, of N H. 

Secretary of War, Lewis Cass, of Mich. 

4. Secretary of Navy, Mahlon DIckerson of N. J. 

5. Postmasters General, W. T. Barry, Amos Kendall, 
of Kentucky. 

6. Attorney General, B. F. Butler, of N. Y. 

Events: 

1. Nullification ordinance of S. C. repealed Mar. 16, 1833 

2. Deposits removed to state banks $28,000,000 — Pay- 
ments; Jan. 1; April 1; July 1 and Oct. 1 — 1833-1837 

6. The meteoric shower, Nov. 13, 1833 

4.- Resolutions of censure passed — Bentcn. . .Dec, 183^ 

5. Indian Territory organized, 1834 

6. Pawnee Expedition, Indian Ter. June to Sept... 1834 

7. Reaper patented — McCormick 1834 

8. Toledo War — Ohio and Micnigan boundary dispute, 
1835-6 

9. Seminole War, Fla., Nov. 1, 1835 to Aug. 14, 1842— 
Oceola and Micanopy, 1835-1842 

10. Dade's massacre — 117 men killed, 1835 

11. Now York fire — 529 buildings consumed. Loss 
$1S,000,(;00 1835 

12. Texan "\v ar, 1835-1842 

13. Specie Circular, issued, July 11, 1836 

14. Difficulties with France settled— Clay 1836 

15. Creek disturbances, Ala., May 5, 1836 to Sept. 30, 
1837 1836-37 

16. Sabine disturbances, south-western frontier, April 
1836 to June 1837 (no fighl iug) 1836-37 

17. Patent office established, 1836 



1 1 8 Analysis of Ajuerican History. 

18. Cherokee disturbances and removal to Indian ter- 
ritory— 15,000, 1836-39 

19. Atiieriou and Calhoun Gag ruley — abolished 1844, 
J. Q. Adams, 1836 

20. Osage Indian troubles, JNlo., 1837 

21. Ark. and Mich., admitted, 1836-37 

22. E. P. Lovejoy, editor of the St. Louis Observer shot 
Alton, 111., 183." 

23. Resolutions of censure expunged — Clay, Webster 
and Calhoun, Jan. 16, 1837 

Deaths— Monroe, July 4, 1831; Carroll, 1832; Freneau, 
18.12; Randolph, 1833; Marshall, 1835; Madison 1836. 

(1) Miscellaneous: 

Developments — Railroads, canals, express system, use of 
coal, oil and gas. 

(2) Educational: 

Sun, 1833; Herald, 1835; Tribune, 1841; Webster's Dic- 
tionary, 1828. 

(3) V/riters: 

Whittier, Longfellow. Holmes, Lowell, Poe, Hawthorne 
Audobon, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Parkman, etc. 
(4j Painters: 

West, Copley, Stuart, Allston and Trumbull. 
Political campaign, 1836 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

(a) Democrat, Van Buren and Johnson, Baltimore, May 

(b) Whig, Harrison and Granger, 
ic) Whig, White and Tyler. 

(d) Whig, Magnum and 

2. Issues: 

(a) Bank question, (b) Administrative Policy of 
Jackson. 

3. Result — Vote: Basis, 47,700. Number of electors 
240. Electoral— Van Buren 170; Harrison 73,; White 26; 
Webster 14; Magnum, 11. 

Congresses. Twentyfirst — 

Met Dec. 7, 1829 adjourned April 13, 1830. 
Met Dec. 6, 1830 adjourned March 3, 1831. A. Steven 
son of Va., speaker. Democrat. 



Analysis of American History. 1 1 9 

Congresses. Twentysecond — 

Met Dec. 5. 1831 adjourned July 14, 1832. 
Met Dec. 3, 1832 adjourned March 2, 1833. A. Steven- 
bon, speaker, Democrat. 
Ccngresses. Twentythird — 

Met Dec. 2, 1833 adjourned June 30, 1834. 
Met Doc. 1, 1834 adjourned March 3, 1835. Speakers A. 
Stevenson, Democrat; John Bell of Tenn. 
Congresses. Twentyfourth — 

Dec. 7, 183,^ adjourned July 4, 1836. 

Dec. 5. 1836 adjourned March 3. 1837. J. K. Polk, of 
Tenn., speaker, Denocrat 



BLACK HAWK. WAR. 

In accordance with the treaty with the Sacs and Foxeti 
at Prairie du Chein, July 15, 1831, all the land east of the 
Mississippi was ceded ; to the whites. But Black Hawk 
refused to move. Generals Gaines and Scott were sent 
against him. He finally surrendered, Aug. 27, 1832 to Gen. 
Atkinson, Kt Prairie du Chein. He was taken to Washing- 
ton to see the "Great Father," and ever afterwards lived 
at peace with the ■whites. He was but a chief of a second- 
ary band. He settled upon the Des Moines River, in Iowa, 
where he died in 1838. 



THIRD SEMINOLE WAR 

Seminole war in Florida began Nov. 1, 1835 and ended 
Aug. 14, 1842. Oceola and Micanopy were the principal 
chiefs. Generals Clinch, Scott and Jessup were sent against 
them. Jlajor Dade and his entire command of 117 men 
(except one) were killed. General Thompson was killed. 
A. Lincoln and J. Davis fought in this war. Oceola died in 
prison at Ft. Moultrie, 1838. Gen Taylor with a force of 
1000 men finally brought the Indians to terms and bv the 
treatj'' of 1845 they reluctantly took their course westward. 
In 1856 they were assigned lands west of the Creeks. The 
war cost the United States about $40,000,000; an amount 
nearly equal to the La Fia., and Alaskan purchase. 



120 Analysts of Anierica)i History. 

SOUTH CAROLINA NULLIFICATION. 

I. Time: 

Act passed by the South Carolina Legislature Nov. 19, 
1S;^2. Forbade the payment of all duties after Feb 1, 1833. 

II. Leaders: 

J. C. CalhouTi, R. Y. Hayne and McDuffie. 

III. Cause: 

The Protective Tariff Laws of 1828 and 1832. Calhoun 
claimed that the states had never given congress the power 
to pass a law authorizing a protective tariff, and hence the 
states had a right to pronounce such a law null and void — 
practically the same theoty as was advanced in the Va., and 
Ky., resolutions. 

IV. Acts and Events: 

1. Webster and Hayno debate — contest between con- 
stitutional supremacy of state rights. 

2. Hayne resigns the senatorship to accept the gover- 
norship of South Carolina. 

;j. Calhoun resigns the Vice Presidency to accept the 
senatorship of South Carolina. 

4. Medals were cast with the inscription, "John C. 
Calhoun, first President of the Southern Confederacy." 

jj. Men devoted themselTes to military drill and the 
women to the making of palmetto cockade and State sover- 
eignty ensigns. 

6. The palmetto was the symbol chosen for the new 
nation. 

V. Results: 

1. President Jackson sends troops under Gen. Scott to 
Charleston — taxes collected. 

2. President Jackson issued his Nullification Proclama- 
tion, Dec. 11, 1832. 

3. Passage of the Force or "Bloody Bill," March 2, 1833. 

4. Clay's compromise Tariff bill passed March, 1833. 
This "scaling tariff" provided for a gradual reduction in 
the rates until 1842, after which only 20 per cent, on all 
imoprtations should be paid. 



Analysis of American History. 1 2 i 

5. South Carolina repealed her Nullification Ordinance, 
March 16, 1833. 

t). Furnished a question of dispute prior to the Civil War 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF M. VAN BUREN OF N. Y. 
AND R. M, JOHNSON OF KY. 

i. Date: 183/-1841. 

II. Party: Democratic. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, John Forsyth, of Ga. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury, of N. H. 

3. Secretary of War, J. R. Poinsett, of S. C. 

4. Secretaries of Nav}', M. Dickerson of N. J.; J. K. 
Paulding of N. Y. 

5. Postmasters General, Amos Kendall of Ky. ; J. M. 
Niles of Coun. 

6. Attorneys General, Felix Grundy, of Tenn ; H. D. 
Gilpin of Penn. 

IV. Policy: 

Van Buren announced his intention to "carry out the 
principles of his illustrious predecessor." 

V Events: 

1. New national debt $10,000,000 in Treasury notes 
istiued, 1837 

2. Financial crisis, 1837 

Causes: 

(a) Wild speculation, (b) Unsound banking system 
(c> Specie circular, (d) Suspension of specie payments. 

3. Failures in N. York, and Boston — $150,000,000. .1837 

4. Bread riots. New York, 1837 

5. Application of Texas for admission, 1837 

6. Canadian rebellion — Patriot war 1837 

7. Morse's telegraph patented 1837 

8. Buckshot war — Pennsylvania Legislature 1838 

9. lieathery Indian trouble or Mo., and la. lino 1838 

10. Souih sea exploration, 1838 



122 Analysts of American History. 

11. Arrival of the first two English steamships — Sirrus 
and Great Western, 1848 

12. Smithsonian Institute founded, 1838 

13. Mormon disturbances, 1838 

14. Goodyear vulcanized India rubber dis'cd — (Pat. 1844; 
1839 

15. First normal school established, Mann, 1839 

16. Broad Seal War — Election contest in N. J 1839 

17. Abolition movement, 1834-1848 

Leaders — (Harrison, Lovejoy, Lundy, Birney, Tappan, 

May, Jay, Qulncy, Whittier, Phillips and others. Abolition 
papers — Lovejoy's Observer. Garrison's Liberator. Bir- 
ney's Philanthropist. Whittier's Pennsylvania Freeman and 
others. Object — Abolish slavery forever. 

18. Washingtonian Temperance Society founded. . .1840 

19. Cunard steamship line established, 1840 

20. Sixth census— i7,017,723. 1840 

21. Division in Abolition Party, 1840 

22. Liberty Party formed, 1840 

23. Repeal of Specie Circular — Passage of Sub-Treasury 

law, 1840 

Treasuries of the United States — Cbief treasury at Wash- 
ington. Sub-Treasuries — New York, Chicago, Baltimore, 
Cincinnati, Philadalphia. Boston, St. Louis, San Francisco 
and New Orleans — Nine in number. 

Presidential campaign 1840 

1. Political parties, candidates, and conventions. 

(a) Democratic — Van Buren and Johnson — Baltimore, 
May 5, 1840. 

(b) Whig — Harnison and Tyler — Harrisburg, Dec. ,4, 
1839. 

(c) Liberty — Birney and Earle — Baltimore, May 5, 1840. 

2. Issues: 

(a) Sub-Treasury law. (b) National Bank, (c) Protec- 
tive Tariff. 

3. Result — vote: Basis, 47,700. Numbler oi ejectors 
240. 

Electoral — Harrison 234; Van Buren 60; Popular — Bir- 
ney 7,059. 



Analysis of A)nerican Htstofj. 1 2 3 

Congresses. Twenty-fifth — 

*Met Sept. 4, 1837 adjourned Oct. IG 1837. 
Met Dec. 4, 1S37 adjourned July 9, 1S38. 
Met Dec. 3, 1838 adjourned March 3, 1839. J. K. Polk, 
of Tenn., speaker, Democrat. 

Coi g.'-esses. Twenty-sixth. — 

Mot Dec. 2, 1839 adjourned July 21, 1840. 
Met Dec. 7, 1840 adjourned March 3, 1841. R. M. 
Hunter of Va., speaker, Sub-Treasury Whig. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF W. H. HARRISON OF OHIO, 
AND JOHN TYLER OF VA. 

I. Date: 1841-1845. 

II. Party: Whig. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, D. Webster of Mass.; H. S. 
Legare of S. C; A. P. Upshur of Va.; J. Nelson; J. C. Cal- 
houn, of S. C. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, T. Ewing of O. ; W. Forward 
of Conn.; G. M. Bibb, of Va. 

3. Secretaries of War, J. Bell of Ga. ; J. C. Spencer of 
N. Y., J. M. Porter of Penn.; W. Wilkens of Penn. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, G. E. Badger of N. C. ; A. P. 
Upshur, of Va. 

5. Postmasters General, F. Granger of N. Y.; C. A. Wy- 
cliffe of Ky. 

6. Attorneys General, J. J. Crittenden of Ky.; H. S. 
Legare of S. C; J. Nelson of Md. 

NOTE — When Tyler assumed the duties as President his 
place was filled by Southard and Magnum. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Re-establish the United States bank. 2. Protection 
of manufactures bj^ a high tariff. 3. Favored internal im- 
provements at the expense of the goveri.raent. 4. A part 
of them wished to restrict slavery. 

*fixtra session to consider and secure the financial in- 
tersts of the Government. 



1 24 Analysis of American Histoty. 

V. Events: 

1. Harrison's death, April 4 — Tyler took oath of oflBce 
April 6, 1841 

2. Baiiknpt law passed 1841 

3. Repeal of Independent Treasury Law 1841 

4 Attempt to establish "The Fiscal bank of the Unitea 
States" — A^etoed, 1841 

5. Fiscal Corporation Bill vetoed — 'lyler's own bill 1841 

6. Resignation of the entire cabinet— except Webster, 
1841 

7. New York Tribune founded — Greeiy, 1841 

5 Dr. Whitman's journey to Washington 1842-3 

9 Tariff of 1842, 1842 

10. Completion of Bunker Hill monument, 1842 

Built of Quincy granite, thirty-one feet square at the base, 
221 feet high. Seventeen years in construction. Cost 
$150,000. 

11. Antartic expedition — James Clarke Ross. .. .1841-42 

12. Dorr's rebellion, 1842 

13. Arrival of Wilkes's exploring expedition — traveled 
90,000 miles -n 4 years, 1 842 

14. Extradition Treaty with England — first of the kind, 
1842 

15. Webster and Ashburion treaty completed, Aug. 9 
ratified Aug. 20 1843 

16. Bimker Hill mojiuraent dedicated — June 17 — Web- 
ster's address, 1843 

17. Constitution of R. 1. goes into operation, 1843 

18. Telegraph appropriation— $30,000, 1843 

19. Princton disaster. Death ot Upshur and Gilmore 1844 

20. Anti-rent difficulties— "Helderberg War" 1844 

21. Mormon agitation — commercial 1844 

22. Treaty with China, 1844 

23. First message by telegraph, 1844 

24. Power of Ether disc'd— Dr. T. G. Morton, 1844 

25. Gag— Rule prohibited, 1844 

26. Texas and Florida admitted 1845 

Presidential campaign, 184'l 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 



Analysis of American History. 1 2 5 

(a) Whig — Clay and Frelinghuysoii — Baltimore, May, 
J; 1844. 

(b) Democratic — Polk and Dallas — Baltimore, May 27 
1844. 

(c) Liberty — Birney and Morris — Euftalo, Aug. 30, 1843 

2, Issue. 

Annexation of Texas and Oregon. 

3. Result — Vote. Basis: 70,680. Number of electors 223. 
Electoral— Polk, 170; Clay 103; Populrr— Birney 62,300. 

Congresses. Twenty-seventii — 

Met May 31, 1841 adjourntd Sept. 13, 1841* 

Met Dec. 6, 1841 adjourned Aug. 31, 1842. 

Dec. 5, 1842 adjourned March 3, 1843. 1. Senate W., 

28; D., 22. 2. House W. 133, D., lOS. J. White of Ken. 

Speaker, Whig. 

Ccrcresses. Twenty-eighth — 

Met Dec. 4, 1843 adjourned June 17, 1844. 
Met Dec. 2, 1844 adjourned March 3, 184.5. 1. Senate 
W. 28; D., 24. 2. House W. 81; D. 142. J. W. Jones, of 
Va., speaker. Democrat. 



DORR'S REBELLION. 

I. Date: 1842. 

II. Place: Rhode Island. 

III. Leaders: 

(a) T. W. Dorr of Providence — "Suffrage party." 

(b) S. W. King, (governor) — "Law and Order Party." 

TV. Cause: 

Hhode Island iiad always been governed by the old 
charter that had been granted by Charles II. Among the 
many features of the .government that were repugnant to the 
spirit ol republicanism was restricted suffrage. The char- 
ter allowed only freeholders and their eldest sons to vote; 
by this the popular representation became very unequal. 

*Extra Session — To consider the Panic and Sub-Treas- 
ury Bill. 



126 Analysis of American History. 

For instance: in the legislature of 1840, 29,000 inhabitants 
were represented by 70 members and 80,000 by 34 members 
this the people attempted to change. 

V. Kesults: 

1. The "suffrage party" twice repulsed by militia (no 
bloodshed) Door arrested, tried and convicted of treason — 
rardoned in 1845. 

2. A new constitution was drawn up and ratified May 
1843 — last state to form a constitution. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. K. POLK OF TENN., AND G. 
M. DALLAS, OF PA. 

I. Date: 1845-1849. 

II. Party: Democratic. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, James Buchanan, of Pa. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, Robert J Walker, of Miss. 

3 Secretary of War, W. L. Marcy of N. Y. 

4 Secretaries of Navy, Geo. Bancroft of Mass.; John 
y. Mason of Va. 

5. Postmaster General, Cave Johnson of Tenn. 

6. Attorneys General, J. Y. Mason of Va.; N. Clifford 
of Me. ; Isaac Toucey of Conn. 

IV. Policy; 

1. Annexation of Oregon and Texas. 2. Limited power 
of the It'ederal government. 3. No interference with the 
domestic institutions of the states. 4. Congress, no power 
to charter a United Stales bank. 5. Opposed internal im- 
provement. C. Separation of money from banking institu- 
tions. 7. United States an asylum for the oppressed. 

V. Events: 

1. Union of U. S. and Texas completed. .. .July 4, 1845 

2. Last voyage ol sir John Franklin 1845 

3. Almonte, Mexican minister left Washington March 
0. 184»5. 



Analysis of American History. 127 

4. Mexican war, 1846 48 

5. U. S. Naval academy opened — Bancroft 1846 

6. Treaty with England — Boundary drawn to 49 degree 
N latitude,.. 1846 

7. Sewing machine patented— Howe 1846 

8. California declared independent July 5, 1846 

9. Wilmot Proviso — Brickerhoff, author, 1846 

10. Angry debates — Hunkers and Barnburners 1846 

11. WorcRster's dictionary published, 1846 

12. Smithsonion institution founded — $515,000 bequested 
1846. 

13. Ether discovered — Morton, Wells and Jackson. . 1846 

14. Independent Treasury Law re-enacted, 1846 

15 Tariff bill passed, revenue only — all duties ad- 
valorem, 1846 

16. United States recedes Virginia's portion of D. of C. 
1846. 

17. Mormons move to Utah 1847 

18. Cylinder printing press invented — Hoe 1847 

19. Liberia becon.es independent 1847 

20. Oneida community founded, J. H. iNoyes., Vt. — Per- 
fectionists, 1848 

2L Gold find— California, 1848 

22. Free Soil Party organized, 1848 

2o Spiritualism made prominent, Fox sisters — Hyde- 
vJUe, N. y 1848 

24. Iowa and Wis., admitted 1846-4a 

25. Department of Interior created 1849 

Presidential campaign 1848 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

(a) Democratic — Cass and Butler. — Baltimore, May 22 

(h) Whig — Taylor and Filmore, Phila, June 7. 

(c) Free Soil Dem — Van Buren and Adams, Buffalo, 
August 9. 

2 Issue: 
Slavery, main issue with the Free Soil Democrats, but the 
two main parties did not make a positive issue on it. 

.3. Result— Vote: Basis. 70,680. Number of electors 223. 



128 Analysis of Ajuerican History. 

Electoral — Taylor 163; Cass 127. Popular — VanBuren, 
29J,263. 

Congresses. Twenty-ninth — 

Mec Dec. 1, 1845 adjourned Aug. 13, 1846. 

Met Dec. 7, 1846 adjourned March 3, 1847. 1. Senate. 
D. 30; W. 25 2. House, D. 142; W. 75. J. W. Davis ol 
Ind., speaker, Democrat. 

Congresses. Thirtieth — 

Met Dec. 6, 1847 adjourned Aug. 14, 1848 

Met Dec. 5, 1848 adjourneu March 3, 1849. 1. Senate 

D., 35; W. 21. 2. House, D., 108: W. 117. R. C. Winthrop, 

of Mass., speaker, Whig. 



OUR CLAIIVIS TO OREGON TERRITORY. 

The first claim is by right of Discovery. In 1792 Capt. 
Rob't Gray of Boston, but a native of Tiverton, Conn., sailing 
in his vessel, "Columbia Rediviva," entered the river which 
bears the name of his ship on the 11th of May. On li's "e- 
turn he met Vancouver who made further explorations. 
Tpon his return home he gave such a favorable report of the 
country that th desire to secure it sprang up at once. 

The second of these claims was that of Exploration. In 
1S03 Pres. Jefferson in a confidential manner — asked con- 
gress to make the necessary appropriations for exploration 
of the western territory. It met the approval of Congress 
and accordingly Capt. M. Lewis and Lieut. W. Clark were 
sent in 1804 to make the exploration. Starting from St. 
Louis, Mo., they sailed up the Missouri river to the "Gates 
of the Rocky mountains" and after crossing the mounntains 
entered the territory of the Columbia. They were gone 
over two years and their story is full trilling adventures, but 
their narrations were valuable: thus, adding another step to 
final possession of Oregon. 

The third claim is that of Purchase from France. By 
some -t is claimed the Oregon territory was included in the 
Louisiana purchase. But, this remains a disputed question. 

The fourth of the claims is that of Settlement: Through 
the influence of Jefferson in 1810 the Pacific Fur Company 



Analysis of American History. 1 29 

was formed with J. J. Astor as its leader. Astoria was found- 
ed by him (JSIJ). But the fur trading enterprise was not 
a fcucccss financially and the eomiiany was soon absorbed by 
its English competitor. The North-west Fur company. But 
tlie failure in the fur trading business and the Astoria settle- 
ment was not entirely due to the mistakes of their leader but, 
more directly to the lame support of the government and over 
reaching partners. In 1S12 a law was passed by Congress 
foi'bidding the English government from carrying on the 
trade exclusively and also claimed 54 degrees 40 minutes 
(southern boundary of Alaska) as our northern boundary line 
but, the matter was tempoarly settled when in ISIS the two 
governments began to occupy the territory jointly. This 
agreement was to last ten years but was renewed, 1827 and 
was to extend without limit, provided that either nation 
might after 1S28 cancel it upon twelve month's notice. 

The fifth of these claims the Treaty with Spain and 
Russia; In accordance with the treaty with Spain at the 
time of the purchase of Florida (1819) she gave up all claim 
the territory on the I acific coast north of 42 degrees (north- 
en limit of California) and by the treaty of 1824 Russia, who 
had established trading posts as far south as California, 
gave up all claim to territory south of 54 degrees 40 minutes. 

The joint occupation of the territory did very well un- 
til 1812, when it began to receive public attention at home 
and abroad. President Tyler in his message to Congress, 
Dec. 5, 1812, declared; that, "sound policy dictates that every 
effort should be resorted to by the two governments to settle 
their respective claims." The cry was "Fifty-four-forty or 
fight" and became one of the issues upon which Polk was 
elected, it being understood that if he was elected he would 
insist upon 54 degrees 40 minutes as the dividing line, but, 
instead he offered a compromise as Monroe and Tyler had 
done. England had claimed 42 degrees as the dividing line, 
but, by the compromise it was finally drawn at 49 degrees 
thus conforming with the Webster Ashburton treaty (1842.) 

Treaty concluded .Time 15, 184G; ratifications exchanged 
at London, July 17, 1846; proclaimed, Aug. 5, 1846. 



130 Analysis of American Hisioiy. 

Commissioners: 

1. American — James Buchanan. 

2. )3ritish— Richard Pakenham. 
1 erritcry : 

Area, nearly 28!;.00n square miles, comprising the states of 
Washington, Oregon and Idaho and small portions of Wyom- 
ii)g and Montana Population when secured (1846) 12,000. 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 

I. Date: 

War declared by the United States May 3 3 IS 16. 
War declared by Mexico, May 26, 1846. 

II. Causes: 

1. Real: 

(a) Slavery — Extension. 

2. immediate 

fa) Disputed boundary line between Mexico and Texas. 

Ill Corritnanders- in-chief : 

1. American — Scott. 

2. Mexican — Santa Anna. 

IV. The Four Objects: 

1. An attack upon Mexico from the North — Zachary 
Taylor. 

2. An attack upon the City of Mexico — Winfield Scott 
and Connor. 

3. An attack upon New Mexico and Arizona — Kearney 
and Doniphar. 

4. An attack upon California — Fremont and fleet under 
Stockton and SI oat 

V. Engagements — Principal — 

1. Gen. Taylor's battles — "Army of Occupation," 9,000 
men Palo Alto, May 8, 1846; Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846; 
Monterey, Sept. 23, 1846 and Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847. 

2. Gen Scott's battles— "Army of the Centre." 12,000 
men Vera Cruz, March 22-27, 1847; Cerro Gordo, April 18, 
1847; Contreras, Cherubusco and San Antonia, Aug. 20, 1847; 
Molinodel Key, Sept. 8, 1847 and Chapultetpec Sept. 13, 1847. 



Analysis of Anurican History. i 3 i 

3. Gen. Kearney's battles — ''Array of the West." In 
June, 1S46 Gen. Kearney started from Ft. Leavenworth on 
the Missouri for the purpose of gaining New Mexico and 
California for the United Srates. Ke captured Santa Fe, 
A'ig 18 and then left Colonel Doniphan to hold the conquered 
territory. Doniphan immediately began his march to Sal- 
tillo — nearly one thousand miles — gaining the battles of 
Bracito. El Faso and Sacremento, he entered Chihuhua un- 
opposed after which he joined Gen. Wool, thus completing 
the conquest of the territory. The California territory had 
become practically independent before Gen. Kearney arrived 
John C. Fremont. Kit Carson and a fleet under Commodore 
Sloat — afterwards commanded by Com.modore Stockton — 
greatly aided the people in securiiig their independence. Yet 
the authority of the United States was not fully established 
until the decisive battle of San Gabriel was fought, Jan. 8, 
1S47. 

VI. Mexican Leaders: 

Santa Anna, Arista, La Vega Valencia, Ampudia, Alvarez 
Morales, Ponce de Leon, Bravo and Trias. 

VIT. Treaty: 

Concluded at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Dec, 2, 1848; ratifica- 
tions exchanged May 30, 1848; proclaimed July 4, 1848. 

VIII. Commissioners: 

American — Nicholas P. Trist. 

Mexican — (a) Luis G. Cuevas. (b) Bernards Couto. (c) 
Migl. Atristain. 

iX. Provisons of Treaty: Principal: 

1. Agreed upon the Rio Grande river as the boundary 
line. 

2. The Mexicans were given the right to remain un- 
molested in the territory. 

3. Prisoners of war to be restored and all United States 
troops withdrawn. 

4. Restoration of all castles and forts and blockade to 
cease. 

5. The United States to pay the Mexican government 



J 3 2 Analysis of American History. 

$15,000,000, one-fifth cash and the remaining $12,000,000 ia 
four equal instalments at 6 per cent, interest. 

6. Mexican government discharged from all claims of 
citizens of the United States — $3,250,000. 

7. Assumption of the Texan debt by the United States 
$7,500,000 — making the entire tract cost at least $25,750,000. 

:X. Results: 

1. Cost: 

The cost in life is not accurately known* 10,000 (both sides) 
is a safe estimate. Cost in money nearly $150,000,000. Num- 
ber of enlisted men 112,230. 

2. Territory, area — 522,508 square miles comprising the 
states of Utah, Nevada and California and portiouo of Colo- 
rado, New Mexico, Arizona and Wyoming. 

3. Made the slavery question a political issue. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF Z. TAYLOR OF LA., AND M. 
FILLMORE OF NEW YORK. 

J. Date: 1849 1853. 
11. Party: Whig. 

Jll. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, J. M. Clayton of Del.; D. Webstei 
of Mass.; E. Everett, of Mass. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, W. M. Merideth of Pa.; 
Thos. Corwin of Ohio. 

3. Secretaries of War, G. W. Crawford, of Ga. ; J. M. 
Conrad of La. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, W. B. Preston of Va. ; W. A. 
Graham of N. C; J. P. Kennedy of Md. 

5. Secretaries of Interior, T. Ewing. of O. ; T. M. T. 
McKenuan of Pa.; A. H. H. Stuart of Va. 

6. Postmasters General, J. Collamer of Vt. ; N K. Hall 
of N. Y.; S. S. Hubbard of Conn. 

7. Attorneys General, R. Johnson of Md.; J. J. Critten- 
den of Conn. 

NOTE — When Fillmore succeded to the presidency his 
office as vice president was filled by W. R. King. 



Analysts of American H'siory. 135 

IV. Policy: 

They did not really advance any new policy, but they 
endorsed the old Whig principles of National bank, protec- 
tive tariff, internal improvements, abolition of slavery, etc. 

V Events: 

1. Inauguration of Taylor, March 5, 1849 

2. Navajo troubles, New Mexico 184f-51 

3. Disturbances with Commanches, Cheyenne, Lipan 
and Kickapoo — Texas, 1849-61 

4. Convention of Monterey, Sept.., 1849 

5. Government for California formed — P. H. Burnet, 
governor, Dec. 20, 1849 

C. Webster's "Seventh of March speech," 1850 

7. Pitt river expedition, April 28 to Sept. 13 1850 

8 Nashville convention, 1850 

9. Death of Taylor, July 9 — Fillmore succeeded July 
10, 1850 

10. Omnibus Bill, Sept. 18, 1850 

11. Fillilustering expeditions, Cuba 1850 

Lopez leader. Commanded 480 men Object sieze Cuba by 
force — Failure. Lopez and his acconiplices were executed at 
Havana. 

12. Clayton and Bulwer treaty — Monroe Doctrine re- 
peated 1850 

13. Seventh census— 23.151,876, 1850 

14. Tripartite treaty — Nations, U. S., France and Eng- 
land, — failure, 1850 

15. Arrival of Jenny Lind — Sweden, 1850 

16. Donation law — 320 acres to settlers of Oregon 1850 

17. Maine Liquor law passed — Dow, 1851 

IS. Erie R. R. opened 1851 

19. Cornerstone of the extension of the Capitol laid, — 

Fillmore, 1851 

Cost $1::.00u.000 Webster delivered the oration. 

20. Grinnell expedition, E. K. Kane commander. .. .1851 

21. Arrival of L. Kossuth, Hungary — search of aid, re- 
ceived $1,000,000 1851 

22. Postage reducetl to three cents — uniform for less 
than 3,000 miles, 1851 



134 Analysts of American History. 

23. Yuma expedition, Cal., Dec. to April 1851-2 

24. Utah Indian disturbances, 1851-53 

25. Rougue river, Yokima, Klikitat, Klamath and Sal- 
mon river Indian wars, Oregon and Wash., .1851-56 

26. Underground R. R. organized 1838 — perfected 1852. 
Coffin, Pres., 1852 

27. 'Life among the Lowly' — (Uncle Tom's Cabin) 1852 

28. H. Seward's "Higher Law," 1852 

29. Pacific R. R. surveyed, 1853 

Deaths— Polk 1849, Calhoun 1850; Clay, Webster 1852 

Presidential campaign, 1852 

J. Political parties and candidates. 

(a) Democratic — Pierce and King. 

(b) Whig — Scott and Graham. 

(c) Free Soil — Hale and Julien. 

2. Issue: 

None distinctly defined — Compromise Act of 1850 dis- 
cu.osed. 

3. Result— Vote : 

Electoral — Pierce 245; Scott 42. Popular — Hale 156,149. 

Congresses. Tliirty-first — 

Met Dec. 2, :I849 adjourned Sept. 30, 1850. 

Met Dec. 3, 18')0 adjourned March 3, 1851. 1. Senate, 
D.. 35; W., 25; F. S. 2. 2. House, D., 110; W., 105; F. S. 9. 
H Cobb of Ga., speaker, Democrat. 

Congresses. Thirty-second — 

Met Dec. 1, 1851 adjourned Aug. 31, 1852. 

Met Dec. 6. 1S52 adjourned March 3, 1853. 1 Senate D. 
34 W., 23; F. S., 3. 2. House D., 140; W., 88; F. S., 5. L. 
Boyd, of Ken., speaker. Democrat. 



COMPROMISE OF 1850 OR "OMNIBUS BILL." 

I. Date: Sept. 18, 1850 

II. Causes: 

1. To settle the slavery agitation. 

2. California's aplication for statehood. 

III. Author: 

Henry Clay, of Ken. 



Analysis of American History. 135 

IV. Provisions: 

1. Priucipal provisicns: • 

(a) Admitted California as a free state (favored the 
uorth.) 

(b) Territorial governmeDt for Utah and New Mexico 
territories without the provision of slavery — (favored the 
south.) 

(c) Slave trade, not slavery, to be stopped in D. of C. — 
(favored the north.) 

(d) The fugitive slave law made more vigorous and 
exacting — (favored the south.) 

2. Minor Provisions: 

(a) That Texas should release her claims to the dis- 
putetl lands and receive $10.00U,OOU by so doing. 

(b) No new states to be formed out of Texas until 
they presented themselves for admission. 

NOTE — The bill was passed not as whole, but in separate 
clauses. 

V. Effects; 

1. Temporary settlement of the slavery question. 

2. Destroyed the Whig party. 

3. More thoroughly cemented the anti-slavery senti 
ment 

4. Claimed afterward to be in opposition to the Mo., 
compromise. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE OF N. H 
AND W. R. KING OF GA. 

I. Date: 1853-1857. 

II. Party: Democratic. 

111.. .Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, W. L. Marcy of N. Y. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, James Guthrie of Ky. 

3. Secretary of War. Jefferson Davis, of Miss. 

4. Secretary of Navy, J. C. Dobbin, of N. C. 

5. Secretary of Interior, R. McClelland, of Mich. 



1 36 Analysis of American History. 

G. Postmaster General, James Campbell of Pa. 
v. Attorney General, Caleb Gushing, of Mass. 
NOTE— Through the death of King the office of Vice 
J resident was fijled by .^tchinoon and Bright. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Declared they would "abide by and adhere to" the 
Omnibus Bill." 

2. Resistance of all attempts at renewing, either in 
Congress or out, the*agitation of the slavery question. 

V. Events: 

1. Crystal Palace opened, New York, July 14, 1853 

2. Martin Kosta episode 1853 

3. Death of Vice Pres. King, April 18, 1853 

4. Gadsden or Messilla Valley purchase, 1853 

5. Panama R. R. completed, 1854 

G. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 

7. Mikado's Empire opened — M. C. Perry, son of O. H. 
Perry 1854 

8. Walker's filibustering expedition, C. America. . .1854 

9. Ostend Manifesto, (see Cuba) 1854 

10. E. K. Kane's noi'then explorations, 1855 

11. De Kaven sent by Grinnell — "Opou Polar Sea" 1855 

12. Civil War in Kansas — Bleeding Kansas 1850-60 

13. Sioux Raid against the Snake Indians. Oregon, 
May 24 to Sept. S, 1855 

14. Brooks — Sumner difficulty 1856 

15. Formation of Republican Party, 1854-56 

16. Yokima Expedition, Oct 11 to Nov. 24, 1855 

Commanded by Major G. J. Rains afterwards a confederate 
general — Failure — In 1856 Col. Geo. Wright was more succ- 
essful. Lieut. Sheridan greatly distingushed himself at the 
Cascades. 

17. Cheyenne and Arai)hoe troubles 1855-bG 

18. Seminole war. Fla., Dec. 25, 1S55 to May S. 185S. 18.-;S 

Presidential campaign, IS 

!. Political parties, candidates and conven';t > -.s: 

(a) Democratic — Buchanan and Breckinridge, Cincin- 
Dati. 

(b) Republican — Fremont and Donelson, Philadelphia, 



Ana/j'Sts of America n History. 1 3 7 

(c) Know-Nothings — Fillmore and Dayton, Baltimore. 

2. Issue: 
Extension of slavery. 

3. Result— Vote: Basi.s 9o,500. Number of electors 234. 
Electoral— Buchanan 174; Fremont Hi; Fillmore 8. 

Congresses. Thirty-third — 

Met Dec. 5, 1853 adjourned Ai.g. 7, 1854. 

Met Dec. 4, 1S"4 adjourned March 3, 1855. 1. Senate 
D., 3^5; W. 20; F. S. 2. 2. House D. 159; W., 71; F. S., 4. 
L. Boyd oi; Ky., speaker, Democrat. 

Conoresses. Thirty-fourth — 

Met Dec. 3; 1855 adjourned Aug| 18, 1856. 

Met Aug. IS, 1856 adjourned Aug. 30, IS06*. 

Met Dec. 1. 1856 adjourned March 3, 1S57. 1 Senate D., 
34 ; Opposition 25. 2. House D., 79 ; anti Nebraska men 117. 
pro-Slavery Whigs 37. 

■"Extm, se.ssion-To secure the passage of the "Army 
Bill." 



GADSDEN PURCHASE. 
I. Date; 1353. 

Jl. Purpose: 

1 To settle the boundary line between United States 
and ?kIexico. The old survey had given the Mesilla Valley 
to Mexico and had formed a very ii regular boundary. The 
governor of New Mexico, objected and preceded to take 
porssession of the territory. Mexico protested. To avoid 
further trouble with Santa Anna, who was at the head of 
the Mexican government, a settlement by purchase was 
effected. 

2. To secure certain minerals that were thought to 
be in the lands. 

in. Cominissloners: 

American — .Tames Gadsden. 

jMexican — fa) Manuel Diez de Bonilla. (b") .lose Sal 
azar Ylarregui. (c) J. Marians Monterde. 



1 3 8 Analysts of American History. 

IV. Treaty: 

Concluded Dec. ?.0, 1853; ratifications exchanged at 
Washington June 30. 1854; proclaimed June 30, 1854. 

V. Territory: 

Area 15,535 square miles — southern portions of Arizona 
and New Mexico. Cost §10,000.000. 



KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL. 

I. Date: Passed, May 30, 1854. 

II. Author: Stephen A. Douglas, of 111. , 

III. Causes: 

1. The declaration that rhe Mo Conr^promise was un- 
constitutional and that it conflicted with the Compromise 
of 1850. 

2. To allay the slavery agitation. 

IV. Territory: 

The Platte country as it was called, lying between the 
Mo. Kiver and the foot-hills of the Rocky mountains, was a 
wilderness and without territorial government. In 1853 it 
was divided by a line running east ajid west. Beiween 37 
degrees and 40 degrees was called Kansas and from 40 de- 
grees to 4.S degrees Nebraska. To these territories the bill 
referred. 

V. Statement: 

Organize the two territoiies and let the question of 
slavery be decided by their inhabitants — Popular or Squatter 
Soverei.gnty. 

VI. Result: 

1. Struggle for the possession of Kansas. 

2. Practically repealed the Mo. Compromise. 

3 Furnished a question of dispute prior to the Civil War 



Analysis of American History. 1 39 

CIVIL WAR IN KANSAS 

I. Date: 1854 to 1859. 

II. Cause: 

Dispute between the anti and pro-Slavery elements re- 
garding the possession of the territory. 

III. Acts and Events. (Influencing.) 

1. New England Aid Society founded, Boston, 1854. 
Thayer, president. Laurence, treasurer. Capital $5,000,000. 
Number of emigrants 500 

2. Kansas Aid Society founded, 1854. 

o. jNIany slavery societies formed in Mo. — Missourians 
would cross the line vote and return — Border ruffians. 

IV. Anti Slavery Towns: 

Laurence, Topeka, Manhattan, Waubunsee, Hampden and 
Ossawatomie. 

V. Pro-Slavery Towns: 

Atcninson, Leavenworth. Lecompton and Kickapoo. 

VI. Conflicts: 

Pro-Slavery constitution at Lecompton. Anti-Slavery 
one at Topeka. 

Leaders — Laurence, Hamilton, Law, Montgomery and 
Brown. 

Laurence sacked. Murders at Marias des Cygnes. In 
five years six governors were appointed — Reader, Shannon, 
Gciary, vValker, Denver and Medai-y. Ossawatomie destroy- 
ed. Finally Kansas adopted a free consHtution at Wyandotte 
July 29, 1859 and the agitation subsided. Kansas was ad- 
mitted January 29, 1861. 



THE ADMINISTRATION Of J. BUCHANAN OF PA.. AND J. C. 

BRECKINRIDGE OF KY. 
\. Date: 1857-1861. 
ij. Party: Democratic. 
III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass, of Mich.; J. S. 
Black of Fa. 



1 40 Analysis of Aviencan History. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb of Ga. ; Philip 
Thomas of Md. ; J. A. Dix of N. Y 

3. Secretaries of War, J. B. Floyd, of Va. ; Joseph 
Holt of Ky. 

4. Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucey of Conn. 

J». Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson of Miss. 

C. Postmasters General, A. V. Brown, of Tenn. ; Horatio 
King of Me. 

7. Attorneys General. J. S. Black of Pa.; E. M. Stanton 
of Pennsylvania. 

iV. Policy: 

1. Strict construction view of the constitution. 

2. Condemned the principles of the Know-Nothins 
Party. 

3. Approval of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. 

4. The substitution of "Popular Sovereignty" for the 
Compromise of 1820. 

V. Events: 

1. Sioux Indian troubles, Minn., and la., March and 
April, 1857 

2. Dred Scott decision — Taney author, 1857 

3. Gila expedition. New Mex., April 16 to Sept. 16. 1857 

4. Expedition againft the Mormons, Utah, 1857 

5. Mt. Meadovv massacre, 1857 

C. Financial Crisis, 1857 

Causes : 

(a) Discovery of gold in California — overstimulated 
business men. 

(b) More railroads built than the population demanded. 

(c) The supply of the manufactures exceeded the de- 
mand— 7.200 house:? failed for $111,000,000. 

7. Trouble with Paraguay 1858 

8. Puget sound expedition, Washington, Aug. 10 to 
Sept. 2:i 1858 

9. BMrst Telegraphic Cable laid— C. W. Field, 1858 

From Trinity Bay ,New Foundland to Valencia Bay, Ireland 
— 1,640 miles long. 

10. Expedition against northern Indians, Washington, 
July 17 to Oct. 17 1858 



Analysts of American Histoy. 141 

11. Crystal Palace destroyed by fire 1858 

i:^. Navajo expeditiou, New Mex., Sept 9 to Dec. 25 1858 

13. IVlinn., Ore., aiul Kan., admitted, 1858-39-Gl 

.14. Spokane, Cour d'Alene and Paloos Indian troubles, 
Waohington, 1^^^ 

15. Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 

16. Wichita expedition, Ind. Ter., Sept. 11, 1858 to 
Pec. I8rl9 1858-1859 

17. Oil Avell sunk, TitusviUe, Pa.,— Drake, 1859 

IS. Colorado expedition, Cal., Feb. 11 to April 28.. 1859 

19. Pecos expedition, Texas, April 16 to Aug. 17... 1859 

20. Antelope Hills expedition, Texas, June 10 to Sept. 



23, 



.1859 



21. Deaths— W. H. Prescott, Irving, H. Mann and 
Choate ^^^^ 

22. Bear river expedition, Utah, June 12 to Oct. 18 1859 

23. John Brown's raid, * 1859 

24. Cortinas troubles, Rio Grande river, 1859-60 

25. Eight census,— 31,3"5,120, I860 

26. Kiota and Comanche expedition, Ind., Ter., May S 
to Oct. 11, 1^^^ 

27. Carson Valley expedition. Utah, May 14 to July 15, 
__ 1860 

28. Covode investigation, John Covode, chairman- 
failure— Hickman and Adrain, I860 

29. Navajo expedition, N. Mex , Sept. 12, 1860 to Feb. 
24,1861 1860-61 

30. Secession of S. C, Ga., Ala., Fla., Miss., La., and 
Texas, 1860-61 

331. Crittenden Compromise J. J. Crittenden failure 1861 
Clauses — Principal. 

(a) U. S. to be pernamently divided by the "Line of 36 
degrees, 30 minutes"— North free. South slave. 

(b) V. S. to pay the slaveholder for rescued fugitives. 

(c) Congress should have no power to exclude slavery 
from the territories. 

32. Peace conference, Washington — failure, 1861 

Purpose — To adjust the national difficulties. Tyler presi- 
dent. Twenty-one states represented. 



142 Analysis of American History. 

r.3. Tariff bill— Morill, author, 1861 

34. Organization of the Southern Confederacy ..1860-6-i 
Legislature of S. C met Nov. 6, 1860 and on Dec. 20, 1860, 
when Lincoln's election was assured, they passed the "Ord- 
inance of Secession" r eb. 4, 1861. Delegates from six of the 
seven seceded states met at Montgomery, Ala., formed a 
constitution, and established a provisional government call- 
ed the "Confederate States of America" which was adopted 
Feb. 8, 1861. J. Davis was chosen president, and A. H. 
Stephens, vice president. Feb. 4, l<i61 (provisional). The 
permanent constitution was adopted March 11, 1861 and the 
final election was held Nov. 6, 1861. Davis and Stephens 
inance of Secession" Feb. 4, 1S61. Delegates from six of the 
were elected by a unanimous electoral vote. The new gov- 
ernment went into operation, Feb. 22, 1862, at Richmond, Va. 
which had been chosen as the new capital. 
Confederate Cabinet; 

1. Secretaries of State, J. P. Benjamin, Robert Toombs 
of Ga. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, C. G. Meminger, of S. C. 

3. Secretaries of War, J. A. Seddon, J. C. Breckinridge, 
L. P. Walker of Ala. 

4. Secretary of Navy, S. R. Mallory of Fla. 

5. Postmaster General, J. H. Reagan of Texas — other 
advisers were: Floyd, Mason, Cobb, Thompson and Walker, 
The offices were never all filled. 

NOTE— Davis was inaugurated, Feb. 22, 1861. Elected 
for a period of 6 years. 

Presidential compaign, 1860 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions. 

(a) Republican — Lincoln and Hamlin, Chicago, May 16. 

(b) Southern Democrats — Breckinridge and Lane, Balti- 
more, June 28. 

(c) Northern Democrats — Douglass and Johnson, Bal- 
timore, June 18. 

(d) Constitutional Union — Bell and Everett, Baltimore, 
May 19. 

2. Result— Vote: 



Analysis of American History. 143 

Electoral — Lincoln ISO; Breckinridge 72; Doi»glass 12; 
Bell 39. 

Congresses. Thirty-fifth — 

Met Dec. 7, 1857 adjourned June 11, 1858. 

Met Dec. 6, 1858 adjourned March 3, 1859. 1. Senate D. 
39; R., 20; A., 5. 2. House D., 131; R., 92; A., 14. J. S. 
Orr of S. C, speaker, Democrat. 

Congresses. Thirty-sixth — 

Met Dec. 5, J 859 adjourned June 18. 1S60. 
Met Dec. 3, 18G0 adjourned March 3, 1861. 1. Senate 
D., 38; R., 25; A., 2. 2. House D., 86; R., 109; A., 22. Anti- 
Lecompton, D. 13. W. Pennington of N. Y., speaker, Republi- 
can. 



THE ADiVIINISTRATION OF A. LINCOLN OF ILL., AND H. 
HAiVILIN OF ME. 

I. Date: 186M865. 

II. Party: Republican: 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, W. H. Seward of N. Y. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, S. P. Chase, of O.; W. P. 
Fessenden of Me. 

3. Secretaries of ^^ ar, S. Cameron; E. M. Stanton of 
PennsyJvania. 

4. Secretary of Navj, Gideon Welles, of Conn. 

5. Secretaries of Interior, C. B. Smith of Ind. ; J. P. 
Usher, of Ind.; James Harlan of O. 

6. Postmaster General, Montgomery Blair of Md. 

7. Attorneys General, E. Bates of Mo.; P. Speed of Ky. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Demanded the freedom and equality of all men — 
Declaration of Independence. 

2. Denounced Democratic threats of disunion. 

3. Declared that freedom was the normal condition of 
the Territories, which Congress was bound to respect and 
defend. 



144 Analysts of American History. 

4. Favored Protection, Internal Improvement, Home- 
stead Bill and Pacific railroad. 

V. Events: 

I. The Confederacy attempts to obtain a recognition of 
independence from Nat'l Gov. 1861 Confederate commission- 
eis vvere Crawford of Ga., and Forsyth of Ala., met at Wash- 
ington, March 12. They were not recognized officially and 
the attempt was a failure. 

2 Attack on Ft. Sumter, April 12, 1861 

3 Civil War U"oi' battles see outline) 1861-65 

4. President's call for troops, — 93,326 obtained — three 
months men April 15, 1861 

5. First blood shed of the war — Sixth Massachusetts, 
Regiment, April 19, 1861 

6. Secession of Va., Ark., N C. aud Tenn 1861 

7. Call for troops, 83,000—3 year men or to the end of 
the war, May 3, 1861 

8. "Amy Warwick" captured May 10, 1861 

9. Death of S. A Douglas, 1861 

10. Call for troops, 500,000 — 3 year men or to the end 
of the war July 22, and 25, 1861 

II. Fremont's Emancipation Proclamation, Mo 1861 

12. Intert'erance of France ir. Mexican affairs,. .. .1861 

13. Cemetery land purchased and Vassar College found- 
ed. 1861 

14. Gatling gun invented, 1861 

15. The Trent Episode,.. 1861 

16. Bureau of Agriculture organized, 1862 

IV. Homestead Law passed 1862 

18. Issue of Greenbacks, Chase, author— $150,000,000, 
Feb. 22, 1862 

19. "One Hundred Day Proclamation" issued — Lincoln 
Sept. 22, 1862 

20. Fitz John Porter case, 1862-6? 

21. Call for troops, 3 mo. men — 15,007 obtained 
May and June, 1862 

22. Sioux Indian war, Minn., la., and Dak — Little Crow 
chief, 1862-67 



Analysis of American Histoy. 145 

23. Call tor troops, COU.UOO o year men — 431, 'JJo obtaiu- 
ed, J"iy ^, 1«^- 

24. Call lor troops, 3Uu,UO0, y mouths men — Si, 558 ob- 
tained Aug. 4, 1862 

25. Emancipation I'rociamatiou goes into effect Jan 1. 
1863 

1. Reasons: 

1. Up until this date we had been fighting to preserve 
the union and now il to this be added tae freedom of the 
negro it would stimulate the power of the north to accom- 
plish it. 

2. To prevent the interference of England. England 
had only been waiting for a chance to acknowledge the In- 
dependence of the Southern states, as she neeeded their 
cotton but the acknowledgement would not be allowed by 
the English people if the emancipation of the slave made the 
issue. 

2. Parts Not Effected: 

(a) Loyal slave states — Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, 
West Virginia and Delaware. 

(b) Louisiana parishes — St. Bernard, Plaquemines, 
Terre Bonne, St. Mary, Ascension, Assumption, Jefferson, St. 
Charles, St. James, Lafourche, St. John, St. Martin and Or- 
leans, including the city of New Orleans. 

(c) Virginia sections — Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, 
York, Princess Ann, Elizabeth and Norfolk counties includ- 
ing the cities of Portsmouth and Norfolk. 

26. Iron clad oath, 1863 

27. War against the Cheyenne, Araphoes, Kiowas, and 
Comanche Indians, Kan, Neb., Col., and Indian ter. ..1863-69 

£8. Confederate Seal adopted — Semmes, 1S63 

29. National banking system instituted — Chase, author. 
1863 

30. Lincoln's amnesty proclamations — two in number, 
1S63 

31. Call for troops, 100,000, 6 monih men— 16.361 ob- 
tained, V June 16. 1863 

32. W. Va., and Nevada admitted 1863-64 

33. Draft riots. New York, July 13-16, 1863 



146 Analysis 0/ Ainericati History. 

C4. Call for troops, 300,000, 2year men. • 

35. Call for troops, 200,000 2 year men — 374,807 obtain- 
ed Oct. 17, 18G3, Feb. 1, 1864 

36. Call for troops 200,000. 3 year men— 284,021 ob- 
tained, March 14, 1864 

37. Call for troops 85,000, one hundred day men — 83,- 
652 obtained, April 23, 1864 

38. Call for troops 500,000, 1, 2, 3, year men— 384,882 
obtained, July 18, 18.64 

39. Call for troops 300,000, 1, 2, 3. year men— 204,568 
obtained, Dec. 19, 1864 

Presidential campaign, 1864 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

(a) Republican — Lincoln and Johnson, Baltimore, 
June 7. 

(b) Democratic — McClellau and Pendleton, Chicago, 
August 30. 

(c) Radicals — Fremont and Cochrane, Cleveland May 31 

2. Issue: 
Management of the war. 

3. - Result— Vote: 

Electoral — Lincoln 212; McClellan21; radicals withdrew. 
Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, W. H. Seward, of N. Y. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, Hugh McCulloch, of Ind. 

3. Secretaries of War, E. M. Stanton of Pa.; Jan. 15 
1862; U. S. Grant (ad interim) Aug| 12, 1867; E. M. Stanton 
(reinstated) Jan. 14, 1868; J. M. Schofield, 111., May 28, 1868. 

4. Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles, of Conn. 

5. Secretaries of Interior, James Harlan of la.; O. H. 
Browning of 111. 

6. Attorneys General, James Speed of Ky. ; H. Stans- 
berry of O. ; W. M. Evarts of N. Y. 

Postmasters General. William Dennison of O. ; A. W. 
Randall of Wis. 



NOTE— L. S. Foster acted as Vice President, 1866 and 
B. F. Wade from 1867 to 1869. 



Analysis of American History. 147 

Events: 

I. Closing scenes of the war, 1865 

2 Freec'mans Bureau established 186S 

3. Lincoln assassinated, April 14, — Johnson inaugurat- 
ed, April 15, 1865 

4. Seward stabbed, April 14 — Powell 1865 

5. Eleven states prepare the "Black Codes" 1865 

6. Jefferson Davis captured — Prichard's troops, May 10, 
1865. Captured in the woods near Irvinsville, Ga. Held a 
prisoner at Fortress Monroe, released under bond 1S67. 
Bondsmen: H. Greeley, C. Vanderbilt and Gerrit Smith, 
His trial never took place. Bond $100,000. 

7. Johii.stor's Amnesty Proclamation — fourteen classes 
excepted, May 29, 1865 

8. Disbanding of armies, Washington. . .May 23-4, 1865 
1,000,000 unionists. 175,000 confederates, 50,000 reserve! 
for standing army. 

9. Indian troubles — Oregon, Idaho, Nev., and Northern 
California 1865-68 

10 The thiiteenth amendment proclaimed to be in force 
, Dec. 18, 1865 

II. Reconstruction . Theories — Johnson and Congress, 
1865 

12. Fenian raids and N. Y. and Canadian border dis- 
turbances, 1865-66 

13. Atlantic cable permanently laid, 1866 

J 4 Grand Army of the Republic organized DS*]? 

1.^ Kii Klux Klan — Knights of the White Camella. 

foundt d Pulaski, Tenn., 1866 

16. Johnston's amnesty proclamation — few excepted, 
Aug| 20, 1866 

17. Freedman's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills 1866 

18. Tenn, re-admitted, 1866 

19. Philadelphia convention, 1866 

20. Nebraska admitted, 1867 

21. Campaign against Lipan, Kiowta, Kickapoo and 
Commanche Indians 1867-71 

22. Tenure of Office Bill March, 1867 

23. Canadian river expedition 1868-69' 



148 Analysis of American History. 

24 Eiireai oi^ Education established ISG7 

25. I'atrons of Husbandry — 'Grangers" 1S67 

26. Purchase ol Alaska, 1867 

27. Maximiliam shot, June 19, 1867 

28. Dismissal of Stanton, 1S67 

29. Fourteenth amendment proclaimed to be in force, 
July 28, 1S68 

:iO. N. C, S. C, Fla., Ala., La., and Ark., re-admitted, 

^ 186S 

ol. Johnston impeached, 1868 

32. Burlingarae Embassy — treaty with Chiu'-i, iS6.3 

33. Amnesty proclamation — lull pardon. . .July 4,. 186S 

34. The Noble Order of Knights of Labor founded 1SG8 
Presidential campaign, 1868 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

fa) Republican — Grant and Colfax, Chicago, May 20. 
(b) Democratic — Seymour and F. P. Blair, Jr., New- 
York City, July 4. 

2. Issues: 

(a) Negro suffrage, (b) Reconstruction Theories. 

."'. Result — Vote: Basis, 127,941. Number of electors 241. 

Electoral— Grant 214; Seymour 80. 

Congresses. Thirty-seventh — 

Met July 4, 1861 adjourned Aug| 6, 1861* 
Met Dec. 2, 1861 adjourned July 17, 1862. 
Met Dec. 1, 1862 adjourned March 3. 1863. 1. Senate, 
R., 31; D., 11; U., 5. 2. House, R., ]06; D., 42; U., 28. 
G. A. Grow of Penn., speaker. Republican. 

Congresses. Thirty-eighth — 

Met Dec. 7, 1863 adjourned July 2, 1864. 

Met Dec. 6, 1864 adjourned March 3, 1865. 1. Senate, 
R., 36; D., 14. 2. House, R., 102 D., 7 5. "Border States" 
men, 9. S. Colfax, of Ind., speaker, Republican. 

Congresses. Thirty-ninth — 

Met Dec. 4, 18, 1865 adjourned Jub 28, 1866. 

Met Dec. 3, 1866 adiourned March 3, 1867. 1. Senate, 

♦Extra session to take action on bills concerning the 
military, naval and financial operations of the government 



Analysis of American History. 149 

R., 40; D., 11. 2. House, R., 145; D., 40. S. Colfax of Ind. 
speaker, Republican. 

Congresses. Extra Sessions — 

Met March 1, 18G7 adjourned March 30, 1867. 
Me-. July C, 1807 adjourned July 20, 1867. 
Met Nov. •l\, 1867 adjourned Dec 2, 1867. Purpose— To 
keep a check upon the Southern policy of Jresident Johnson. 

Congresses. Forthieth — 

Met Dec 2, ]8t.7 adjourned July 27, 1868. 

Met Dec. 1, 1868 adjourned March 3, 1869. 1. Senate, 
R., 40; D., 14. 2. House, R., 138; D, 17. S. Colfax, speak- 
er, Republican. 



LINCOLN'S MONUMENT. 

Sprinefield, 111. Commenced Sept. 9, 1869. Dedicated, 
Oct. 15, 1S74. Ruilt of granite from the quarries oi Biddle- 
fcrd. Me. It stands 72 1-2 feet E. and W. and 119 1-2 feet 
N. and S. Height, 100 feet. Cost $230,000. Designer Lark 
in G. Mead. Lincoln's remains were deposited in the vault 
May 4, 186-5. The monument was entered. Nov. 7, 1876 by 
two men. They suctceeded in getting the lead casket, which 
contained the body, out of the sarcophagus, but while wait- 
ing for a wagon woi-e firghtened away. 



CIVIL WAR. 
I. Date: 

Commenced. April 12, 1861. First blood shed — April 19. 
1S61. — Baltimore. Ceased, May 26, 1S65. Officially declared 
to have ended Acg 20, 1865. 

TI. Place: 

Mainly south of the Mason and Di.xon line and Ohio 
River. 

HI. Causes- 
General. 

i..* Difference in opinion as to the exact meaning of the 
constitution. 



150 Analysis 0/ American Htstofy, 

2. Dif-erent systems of labor, north — tree, south — bond. 

3. Lack of intercourse and acquaintance between north 
and south. 

4. Sectional p.iMicatlons — prejudices. 

5. Influence of unprincipled ofTice-seekers. 
C. Intense public opinion. 

2. Special; 

J. The invention of the cotton gin, 1793 

2. Fugitive slave law 1793 

". The Protective Tariff laws 1820 

4. Missouri Agitation, 1820-21. 

5. Tariff of i8:^S and 1S32. 

6. Nullilication Acts of South Carolia 18?)2 

7. Annexation of Texas, 184^3 

S. Wilmot Proviso, 1840 

9. Mexican War and Mexican cessions 1846-4S 

10. Compromise Measure, 1850 

11. Kansas-Nebraska Bill 1854 

12. Brooks-Sumnor difficulty 1856 

IS. Dred Scott decision 1857 

14. Personal Liberty Laws 185 <' 

15. .Tohn Brov/n's raid 1859 

16. Election of A. Lincoln, 1860 

3. Immediate: 

1. Secession of southern states. 

JV. Commanders-in-chief: 

1. Union. 

(a) Winfield Scott, May 3, 1861 to Oct. 1861. (b) G. 
B. McClellan, Nov. 1861 to March 1862. (c) H. W. Hallec'^. 
July 11, 1&62 to March 2, 1SG4. (d) U. S. Grant, March 2, 
1864 to 

2. Confederate. 

(a) J. E. Johnson, July 23, 1861 to June 1, 1862. (b) R. 
E. Lee, June 3, 1862 to 



Analysts of American H'sioty. 1 5 i 

V. Seceded States: 

Seceded. Re-admiited. 

1 South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860 June 25, 186S 

2. Mississippi, Jan. "J, 1861 Feb 3, 1870 

3. Alabama, Jan. 11, 1861 June 11, 1868 

4. Florida, Jan. 11, 1861 June 11, 18^.S 

5. Georgia, Jan. 19, 1861 April 20, 1870 

6. Louisiana, Jan. 26, i86j June 11, 186d 

7. Te.xas, Feb. 1, 1862 March 15. 1870 

8. Virginia, April 17, 1861 Jar. 1.5, 1870 

'3. Arkansas, May 6, 1861 Juiis 2(', 1863 

10. N. Carolina, May 20, 3 861 June 11, 1868 

11. Tennessee, June 24, 1861 July 24, 186C 

NOTE — Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and Missouri did 
not secede. 

VI. Comparisons— North and South (1861.) 

1 Population— North, 19,128.118; South, 12,315,372—3,- 
500,000 slaves. 

2 Forces- North 180,000; South. 150,000— in 1861. 

3 South acting on the defensive — needed fewer men. 

4 South more united — North, full of southern sympa 
thizers. 

5. North had more men to draw from and greater re- 
sources 

6. i^^outh had better drilled and better educated men 
— Northern men resigning. 

7. All the great powers of Europe (except Russia) 
were hostile to the North. 

8. North mainly manufacturing — South, agricultural. 

9. South held the arsenals and forts — Northern war 
vessels in foreign seas. 

10. South employed all its men- -slaves worked on the 
plantations 

11. North held the administration, but the various de- 
partnieiits contained many men, who secretly aided south- 
ern officials. 

12. South — no navy, mechanics or shipyards — foreigu 
aid. 



152 Analysis of American History. 

VII. Federal Soldiers Furnished: 

New York 448,850 Vermont 33,288 

Pennsylvania 337,930 West Virginia 32,068 

Odio 313,180 Mnnnesota 25,052 

Illinois ...259,092 Rhode Island 22,236 

Indiana 196,363 Kansas 20,149 

Massachuisetts 146,730 Diistrict of Columbia ..16,534 

Missouri 109,111 California 15,726 

Wisconsin 91,327 New Mexico 6,561 

Michigan 87,346 Colorado 4,903 

Iowa 76,242 Indian Territory 3,530 

New Jersey 75'814 Nebraska 3,157 

Kentucky 75,760 Oregon 1.810 

Maine 70,107 Nevada 1,080 

Connecticut 55,868 Washington 964 

Maryland 46,638 Dakota 206 

New Hampshire 33,937 

VIII. Prisons: 

1. Unior. 

(a) Johnson's Island, (L. E.) (b) Chicago, (camp 
Douglas), (c) Rock Island, (Miss, river.) (d) Columbus 
(O). 22 436 Confederate soldiers died in these prisons. 
They contained 98,102 prisoners at the close of the war. 

2. Confederate: 

(a) Libby, (Richmond), (b) Andersonville, (Ga.) (c) 
Belle Isle( near Richmond), (d) Tupelo ^Miss.). (e) Sal- 
isbury (N. C.) 22.576 Union prisoners died in these prisons 
Union captures during the war 220,000. Confederate cap- 
tures 126,941. 

IX. Cost in Money: 

Debt— Aug. 31, 1865 -$2,845,907,626.26. Bonded, $1,120,- 
000,000. Unbonded, $1,725,907,216.26. Whole expenditure 
(iS79) $6,190,000,000. Revenue collected (1862 to 1865) 
$780,000,000. Sources — 1. I'axes on manufactures, incomes 
and salaries. 2. Stamp duty on all legal documents. Nat- 
ional debt, (1861) $90,580,873.72 Confederate debt, $2,000,- 
000,000— never paid— $500 for each slave. 

X. Cost of Life: 

1. Union — 70,000 were killed in battle; 43,000 died of 
wounds; 230,000 disease and other causes. In round num- 
bers nearly .150,000. The Confederate loss is not definitely 



Analysis of American History. 153 

known; but was probably not much less making the whole 
number of casualties about 700,000 The U S. furnished 
about 7,000 artificial limbs to disabled soldiers. Union call- 
ed out 2,763,670— responded, 2,690,000. Greatest number 
out at any one time (April, 1865)— 1,000,516 of whom 650,000 
were able for service. 

2. Confederate greatest number out at any one time. 
690.000. Whole number called out 1,300,000. 

3. Colored troops — 186,017. Louisiana furnished rhost 
24,052; Texas least, 47. Number of officers, 7,122. 

4. Confederate surrenders at the close of the war; 
army of N. Va., 28,231; army of the Tennessee 31,243; army 
of Missouri, 7,978; army of Alabama, 42,293; army trans- 
Mississippi, 17,686; Nashville and Chattanooga, 5,029; mmor 
armies in various state 42.189. Total number paroled 

\r. Results: 

1 Completely extinguished secession — unifying nation. 

2. Slavery was forever abolished. 

Z Great moial uplift to the nation. 

4. Jianner in which each section received the result. 

5 Great industrial revolution. 



154 



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Analysts of Ainerican History. i 5 7 

PURCHASE OF ALASKA.* 
i Date. 1867. 

II. Fr.> .1 Vihom: Russia. • 

III. Causee of Sale: 

1. The great difficulty in defending it in case of war, 
especially with England. 

2. The abuse made by the Russian-American Fur com- 
paiiy of their charter. 

3. Russia wanted tho money. 

4. The feasibility of constructing a Russian-American 
telegraph line. Of course, this was blighted by the Atlantic 
cable. 

IV. Causes of Purchase: 

Statement — They should be classed under two heads 
financial and commercial; as all former purchases had been 
of contiguous territory offering encouragement to settlers 
to formation of states. 

V. Cost: $7^00,000. 

VI. Commissioners: 

1. American — W. H. Seward. 

2. Russian — Edward de Stockel. 

VII. TrMty; 

Concluded March 30, 1S67; ratifications exchanged at 
Washington, June 20, 1867; proclaimed June 20, 1867. 

VIII. Description and Furthor History of the Territory: 

Area — 577,390 square miles or nearly 370,000,000 acres. 
Length N. and S.— 1100 miles, width E. and W., 800 miles. 
Coast line, 4000. Rainfall — 65 to 90 Inches, mean annual 
temperature, 25 degrees Fahr. Population when purchased 
60.000; 1900 nearly 63,000 nearly three-fourths Indians and 
Esquimaux. Chief divisions of Territory — Arctic, Youkon, 
Kuskoquim, Aleutian, Kadiak and South-eastern. Chief river, 

*This purchase was ridiculed as "Seward's Polar Bear 
Garden" and "The Refrigerator of America" by men who 
lacked the foresight of its negotiator. Name is derived from 
Al-ak-shak, first suggested by Charles Sumner. 



158 Analysis of American History. 

Youkon, 1,S00 miles long, first 600 miles average one mile in 
width, other rivers — Kuskoquim, Copper, Chilkat and Stikine 
all navigable for small vessels. Chief mountain peaks — 
McKiniey (20,464 ft.), Fain^eather, St. Elias, Wraugell and 
Edgecombe. There are at lease ten active volcanoes. Vege- 
tation slight except in the region ol Sitka. Prevailing reli- 
gion — Gveek. Government — It was organised as a military 
and collection district in 1870 the territory remaining unor- 
ganized. I/. S. established customs, commerce, and naviga- 
tion by act of Congress, July 27, 1868. A district government 
providing for a governor and district court was established 
May 17, 1884. The laws of Oregon are declared to be the 
governing laws, when not in conflict with those of the U. S. 
Capital, Sitka situated on the island of Baronov. Other 
cities — Juneau, Wrangell and Circle City. 

Russia's titlt — After it was discovered (1728) that Asia 
and N. America were not connected; Vitus Bering started 
(1741) under the employ of Russia. He discovered Alaska 
in the same year July ,1s, but, fur trading posts were not 
established until 1783 — Other explorations were made by 
Cook in 1776 and by Ledyard and Vancouver in 1778. Chief 
products at present, furs, timber, fish and marble, gold was 
discovered in 1879. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 

I. Date: July 24, 1363 to March 30, 1870. 

II. Senate Committee: 

AVilliams, Howland, Grines, Fessenden and Harris. 

1)1. House Committee: 

Boutwell, Washburn, Conkling, Morrill, Bingham, Blow, 
Grider, Rogers and Thaddeus Stevens. 

IV. Presidential Treory: 

1. Only necessary to submit to the Federal authority — 
never been out. 

2. Recognize their :state governments as legal. 

3. Appointment of provisional governors — civil auth- 
ority. 



Anafysts of American H 'siory. 1 5 9 

4. Repudiate the confederate war debt. 

5. Abolition of slavery — 13tti amendment. 

6. Withdraw all Secessional Ordinances. 

Congressional Theory: 

1. Repeal all Articles of Secession. 

2. Repudiate the Confederate debt. 

3. Appointment of military governors — divided into 
five districts. 

4. Make the negro a citizen — 14th amendment. 

5. Total abolition of slavery — 13th amendment. 

(j. States were out and deal with them as territories. 

NOTE — Judging by the proclamations of Lincoln and 
his Gettysburg address it seems to the author that the The- 
ory of Reconstruction as held by Lincoln and used in the 
cases of Missouri and West Virginia and attempted in 
Louisiana and elsewhere was in a large measure the same 
as that held by Johnson. The work of Recoustruccion was 
begun by Lincoln in the latter part of 1863. What points 
of difference existed between the Presidential and Congress- 
ional theories? What was the main purpose of Congress 
in maintaining their theories? Which theory do you think 
approached nearest the Constitutional view? Would the re- 
lations of Congress and Lincoln been so antagonistic? Wny? 



• IMPEACHMENT AND TRIAL OF JOHNSOn- 

I. Date: March 5, 1868 tc May 16, 1868. 

II. Articles of Impeachment — Nine in Number — Principal: 

1. Dismissal of E. M. Stanton — Viclaiion of Tenure ot 
Ofhce Bill 

2. Denounciation of Congress by President — "No Con- 
gress.'' 

in. Prosecutlo... 

Boutwell, I^gan, Stevens, Bingham, Wilson, Williams 
and Butler. 

IV. Defense: 

Stanberry, Curtis Evarts, Nelson and Groesbeck. 
Chase (Chief Justice) presided. 



1 6o . Analysis of American History. 

V. Vote: 

Thirty-five for conviction and nineteen for acquittal — 
(two-thirda vote required). 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. GRANT, OF ILL., AND 
SCHUYLER COLFAX, OF IND. 

I. Date: 1869-1873. 

n. Pirtr': Republican. 

III. Cabinet; 

i. Secretaries of State, E. B. Washburne; Hamilton 
Fish, of New York. 

2. Secretaries of Tieasury, A. T. Stewart of N. Y.; 
(not elgible) ; G. S. Boutwwell of Mass.; AV. A. Ricliardson 
of Massachusetts. 

3. Secretaries of War, J. M Schofield (ad interim) ; 
J. A. Rawlings, of 111.; W. W. Belknap of la. 

4 Secretaries of Navy, A. E. Borie of Pa.; G. M. Robe- 
son, of Nev." York 

5. Secretaries ol Interior, J. D. Cox of O. ; C. Delano of 
Ohio. 

G. Postmaster General, J. A. Creswell, of Ind. 

7 Attorneys General, E. R. Hoar of Mass.; A. T. 
Akermau of Ga. ; G. H. Williams, of Ore. 

IV. Policy — Conscrvativa — Ptace. • 

1. Equal suffrage to all loyal men. 

2. Honor to soldiers. 

3. Improvement of ijatloral credit. 

4. Encouragement of immigration. 

5. No repudiation of promises to pay. 

6. .Tohnsons treachery denounced. 

7. Equalization and reduction of taxation. 

V. Events: 

1. Union Pacific R. R. completed, May 10, 1869 

2. Indian policy — Quaker policy, 1863 

3. Black Friday— Gold exchange Sept. 24, 1869 

4. Credit-strengthing Act, 1869 

5. Presbyterian schools united 1869 



Analysts of American History. lOi 

C K'; KJux Klan disbanded — Poland committee,. .1860 

7. Refunding act passed, 1870 

8 Fifteenth amendment proclaimed to be in force. 

March 30, 1870 

9. Weather bureau established, 1870 

10 Va., Ga., Miss., Texas re-admitted 18V0 

il. Ninth census — .')8,784,597, 1870 

12. LegcJity of the Legal Tender Act of 1862 maintained 
1871 

13. San Domingo annexation scheme — failure 1871 

Coinniissioiiers— Sen. Wade, Pres. White and Dr. Howe. 

14. Joint High commission 1871 

15. Yellow Stone expedition, 1871 

16. Tweed ring overthrown, 1871 

Composed of— Tweed, Hall, Conolly and Sweeny. 

1 7. Hallifax commission, 1871-77 

18. Chicago fire — "cow kicked Chicago," 1871 

200 persons killed. 100.000 rendered homeless. Loss $200,- 
000,000. 17,000,000 contributed. 

19. Mich., Wis., and Minn fires— 1,-500 people perished 
1871 

20. Visit of Grand Duke Alexis, Russia, 1872 

21. Boston Fire— 800 buildings. Loss $75,000,000 1872 
Brooks, 1872 

22. Credit Mobilier — Poland committee, — Ames and 
23 A mnestj Bill passed 1872 

24. Modoc war 1872 

25. Franking privilege abolished 1872 

26. Division in the Republican party, 1872 

Political campaign, 1872 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions. 

(a) Republican— U. S. Grant and Wilson, Philadelphia, 
June 5, 1872. 

(b) Liberal Republicans — Greely and Brown, Cincin- 
nati, May 1, 1871. 

(c) Democrat— Greely and Brown. Baltimore, July 9. 
1871. 

(d) Democrat— O'Conner and Adams, Louisville. 
September 3, 1872. 



1 62 Analysts of American History. 

(e) Prohibition — Black and Russell, Columbus, Feb. 22 
1872. 

2. Issues: 

Congressional Plan of Reconstruction and Elevation of 
the negro. 

3. Result — Vote: 

Electoral — Grant 286; Brown 47; (Greely having died 
before the oflicial count was made.) 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. GRANT OF ILL., AND H. 
WILSON OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

I. Date: 1873-1877. 

II. Party: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish, of N. Y. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury. W. A. Richardson of Mass.; 
B. H. Bristow of Ky.; L. M. Morrill of Me. 

3. Secretaries of War, W. W. Belknap; A. Tait of O. ; 
J. D. Cameron of Pa. 

4. Secretary of Navy. G. M. Robeson of N. J. 

3. Secretaries of Interior, C. Delano of O. ; Z. Chandler 
of Michigan. 

6. Postasters General, J. A. J. Creswell, of Md.; M. 
Jewell of Conn.; J. H. Tyner of Ind. 

7. Attorneys General, G. H. Williams of Ore.; E. Pier- 
repont of N. Y.; A. Taft of Ohio. 

NOTE—After the death of Wilson; T. W. Ferry acted 
as Vice President, 1875-1877. 

IV. Policy: 

1 Favored enforcement of the new constitutional 
amendments. 

2. Civil service reform. 

3. Maintenance of the public credit. 

4. Demanded complete equality for all men throughout 
the country. 

V. Events: 

1. Rival governments in La. — McEnnery and Kellogg. 
1873-4 



Analysis of American History. 163 

2 Commercial crisis, 1873-9 

3. Silver demonetized, 1873 

4. Year of Epidemics, 1873 

5. Slaughter House Cases, 1873. 

G. Virginius difficulty, 1873 

7. Salary Grab passed — repealed 1874, 1873 

8. Arbor Day inaugurated,. 1874 

3. Temperance crusade, Ohio, 1873-4 

iO. Sioux expedition, Wy., and Neb., Feb. 13 to Aug. 19, 

1874 

11. Black Hills expedition, Dakota. June 30 to Aug. 30, 
1874 

12. Big Horn expedition, Wy., Aug. 13 to Oct. 10, ..1874 

13. Specie resumption act passed, Jan. 14, 1875 — Took 
effect Jan. 1, 1879, 1875 

14. Whisky frauds — 23S persons indicted. Loss to the 
government $1,G50,000 in 10 months, 1875 

15. Sumner's Civil Rirghts Bill 1875 

16. Death of "Vice President Wilson, Nov. 25, 187 "i 

17. Kalakaua's visit — King of Sandwich Is 1S7& 

18. Belknap impeached — not convicted, April 17 to 
August] 1876 

19. Centennial exhibition, Phila , May 10 to Nov. 1, — 
10,000,000 attended, 1876 

20. Colorado admitted 1876 

21. Anti-Chinese movement, 1876 

22. Don Pedro's visit — Emp. of Brazil, 1876 

23. Mulligan letters, 1876 

24. Sioux War, 1876-77 

25. Northern Cheyenne and Sioux disturbances, Ind. 
Ter., Kau., Wy., Da., Neb., and Mont 1876-77 

26. Telephone invented, A. G. Bell, Mass., 1877 

27. Railroad strikes, 100,000 strikers— Loss $10,000,000, 
< 1877 

28. Electoral Commission — returning boards 1877 

29. Deaths — Stanton 1869: Lee, Thomas and Farragut 
1870, Seward, Morse, Greely and Meade J 872. Chase 1873, 
Sumner 1SV4; Wilson 1875. 

Presidential campaign, 187$ 



164 Analysis of American Histojy. 



1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

(a) Republican — Hayes and Wheeler, Cincinnati, June 



14. 



(b) Democratic — Tilden and Hendricks, St. Louis. 
June 27. 

(c) Greenback — Cooper and Gary, Indiar.apolis, May 17. 

(d) Nat'l Christian association — Walker and Patrick, 
Pittsburg, June 9. 

(e) Prohibition — Smith and Stewart, Cleveland, May 17 

2. Issues: 

1. Currency. 2. Panic. 3. Southern policy. 4. Re 
form in every branch of public service. 

3. Result— Vote: Basis 130,533. Number of electors 292, 
Electoral — Hayes, 185; Tilden 184 Popular Cooper, 

81,740. Smith 9,522. Walker 2,636. 

Congresses. Fifty-first — 

Met March 4, 1869 adjourned April 10. 1869. 

1. Special session to confirm the new nominations to 
positions in the cabinet and to consider the question of re- 
construction. 

Met Dec. 6, 1869 adjourned July 15, 1870. 1. Senate R., 
58; D., 10. Eight vacancies. 2. House, R., 149; D.,64. 
Twenty-five vacancies. Miss., Tex., Va., and Ga., not represen- 
ted. 

Met Dec. 5, 1870 adjourned March 4, 1871. Congress 
stood as follows: Senate, 61, R., 13, D., House 172 R., 71, 
D., Jan., 1871, all states were represented for the first 
time since Dec. 1860. J. G. Blaine, of Me., speaker. Republi- 
can. 

Congr*»s«8. Fifty-s*cond — 

Met March 1, 1871 adjourned April 20, 1871. Extra ses- 
sion called to appoint a committee of seven Senators and 
fourteen Representatives to investigate the Ku Klux and to 
enforce the XIV Amendment — Force Bill. 

Congresses. Fsurty-second — 

Met March 1, 1871 adjourned April 20, 1871-5. 

Met Dec. 4, 1871 adjourned June 10, 1872. 

Met Dec. 2, 1872 adjourned March 3, 1873. 1. Senate, 



Analysis of American History. 165 

R., 57; D., 17. 2. House. R., 138; D., 103. 1. Senate, R. 
51; Land 20, tl. 2. House, R., 133; L| and D., 110. J. G. 
Blaine, of Me., speaker, Rei'ub.'ican. 

Congresses. Forty-third — 

Met Dec. 1, 1873 adjourned June 23, 1S74. 

2. Dec. 7, 1874 adjourned March 4, 1875. 1. Senate, 
R., 50; Lib. and Dem.. 24. 2. House, R., 108; Lib. and 
Dem., 93. J. G. Blaine, of Me., speaker. Republican. 

Congresses. Forty-fourth — 

Met Dec. fi, 1875 adjourned Aug. 15, lS7i;. 

Met Dec. 5, 1876 adjourned March 3, 1877. 1. Senate, 
R., 42: D., 29: Ind. 2. 2. House, R., 110; D., 182. M. C. 
Kerr of Ind., speaker. Democrat. Kerr died. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF RUTHFORD B. HAYES, OF 
OHIO AND W. A. WHEELER OF N .Y. 

I. Date: 1877-1881. 

II. Party: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State W. M. Evarts, of N. Y. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman of Ohio. 

3. Secretaries of War, G. W. McCrary of la.; Alex 
Ramsey, of Minn. 

5. Secetary of Interior, Carl Cchurz, of Mo. 
G. Postmasters General, D. M. Key; Horance Maynard, 
of Tenn. 

7. Attorney General, Charles Devens of Mass. 

IV. Policy — Conciliatory to the Distracted South. 

1. Redemption of United States notes in coin. 

2. Improvement of Civil Service. 

3. Sufficient revenue with protection. 

4. Opposed land grants to corporations. 

5. Favored pension grants to soldiers. 

6. Apposed sectarian control of schools. 

7. Advocated the suppresion of Poligamy by Congress 



1 66 Analysis of American History. 

V. Events: 

I. Inaugaurated 5th of March, 187 T 

2. Recall of troops from S C. and La.,. .. .April, 1877 

3. Civil service reform, July, 1877 

4. Rival governments in La. — Packard and NickoUs, 

5. Railroad strike— $10,000,000 loss, 1877 

G. Rival governments in S. C. — Hampton and Cham- 
berlain 1877 

7. Nez Perces campaign, June 14 to Oct. 5 — Joseph, 
chief, 1877 

8. Explorations of Stanley — Dr. Livingstone found, 
Sept., 1877 

9. Murphy Temperance Movement 1878 

10. Remonitization of silver (Bland silver bill),. . .1878 

II. Yellow Fever Epidemic — Gulf country chiefly 150,- 
000 deaths, 187S 

12. Resident Chinese embassy established. Washington 
— Chen Lan Pin's speech — Chen Lau Pin, minister plenipo- 
tentiary. Yung Wing, assistant envoy and Yung Tsang Siang. 
secretary of legation, 1878 

13. Life saving service bill — S. S. Cox, 1878 

14. Bankrupt Act abrogated, 1878 

15. Indian schools at Hampton, Va.. and Cariise, Pa., 
1878-1881 

16. T:te Indian trouble, Colorado — Ouray chief,.. 1879 

17. Grant's tour of the world, 1879 

18. Negro Exodus, 1879 

19. Chinese Immigration bill vetoed 1879 

20. Morey Letter, 1880 

21. Tenth census— 50,152,866— F. A. Walker supt..l88C 
20. Importation of specie $t;3, 034,310; exportation. 

?17,142,199., 1880 

Deaths— O. P. Mortoic 1877; W. C. Bryant 1878; B. Tay- 
lor 1887; Z. Chandler 1879; M. H Carpenter 1881. 

Presidential campaign, 188^^ 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

(a) Republican — Garfield and Arthur, Chicago, June 2-3. 



Analysts of American History. 167 

(b) Democratic — Hancock and English, Cincinnati, 
June 22. 

(c) Nat'l Greenback — Weaver and Chambers, Chicago, 
June 9. 

(d) Prohibition — Dow and Thompson, Cleveland June 
17. 

Congresses. Forty-fifth — 

2. Issue: 
Protective tariff. 

3. Result — Vote: Basis 130, 53o. Number of electors 29;: 
Electoral — Garfield 214; Hancock 155; Popular — Weaver 

307,306; Dow, 10,307; Phelps, 707. 

Congresses. Forty-fifth — 

Met Oct. 15, 1877 adjourned Ju ne 20, 1878. 
Met Dec. 2, 1878 adjourned March 4, 1879. 1. Senate, 
R., 39; D., 36; Ind., 1. 2. House, R., 140; D., 153. S. J. Ran- 
dall of Penn., speaker Democrat. 

Congresses. Forty-sixth — 

*Met March 18, 1879 adjourned July 1, 1879. 

Met Dec. 1, 1870 adjourned June 16 1880. 

Met Dec. 6, 1880 adjourned March 3, 1881. 1. Senate, 
R., 33; D., 42 Ind., 1. 2 House, R., 130; D., 148; N., 15. 
S. J. Randall, speaker. 

♦Extra Session —To consider the Warner Silver Bill and 
the Appropriation Bills. 



ELECTORAL COMMISSION, 
r. Date: 

Appointed by Act of Congress, Jan.. 29, 1877. Decision 
given after four o'clock in the morning of March 2, 1877. 

II. Purpose: 

To investigate the count that had been given by the 
returning boards of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon and South 
Carolina — thirteen doubtful votes. 

III. Statement: 

An act was prepared by a committee of seven members 
from each house — Committee was divided equally politically 



1 68 Analysis of American History. 

— providing tliat tlie two houses should meeet in the Hall of 
Representatives, and whenever there was more than one re- 
turn made bj- a state, it should be referred to a Committee 
of Fifteen for decision. The decision to be final unless over- 
ruled by both Houses. 

IV. Members — House: 

Garfield, Hoar, Hun ton, Abbott and Payne. 

V. Members — Senate: 

Frelinghuysen, Thurman, Bayard, Edmunds and Morton. 

VI. Members — Supreme Court: 

Field, Strong, Clitford, Miller and Bradley. 

VII. Result— Electoral Vote; 

Hayes received 185 electoral votes and Tilden 184 in- 
stead of 172 for Hayes and 184 for Tilden, thus giving Hayes 
all of the thirteen doubtful votes. Bradley cast the diciding 
vote and was a republican. Will such a dispute ever occur 
again? Why? 



MODOC OR '^LAVA BED WAR." 

1872-1873— Modoc campaign Oregon, Nov. 28, 1872, to 
June 1, 187.3. The Modoc band of Capt. Jack held out 
against all efforts for nearly a year. Generals Wheaton and 
Gillem, with considerable force, were repulsed. In a friend- 
ly conference, April 11, 1873, Gen. E. R. S. Canby and Dr. 
Thomas were murdered in cold blood. Mr. Meachem stab- 
bed and the war was resumed. Gen. J. C. Davis compelled 
Capt. Jack to surrender after a long and stubborn resistance. 
Jack and three other Modocs were hanged at Ft. Klamath, 
Oct. 3, 1873. The rest of the band was moved to the Indian 
Territory. 



SIOUX WAR. 

1876-1877 — Big Horn and Yellowstone expeditions, Wy., 
and Mon., Feb. 17, 1876 to June 13, 1877. Three converging 
expeditions, under Generals Gibbon, Custer and Terry were 
sent against the hostile Sioux, who had pieviously repulsed 



Analysis of Aniencan Il'sioiy. 169 

Gen Crook iu the Little Big Horu country. Custer divided 
his command when in the vicinity of the Indians, and he 
with 250 of his men were surrounded and massacred by at 
least 3,000 Sioux wariors. The bands of Sitting Bull, Crazy 
Horse and other hostile Indians afterwards fled into Canada 
whence they did not return for some years. Eventu- 
ally all came in the agencies. 



• HE ADMINISTRATION OF JAME: A, 3A.1FIELD, OF OHiO, 
AND CHESTER A. ARTHuR OF N. Y. 

I. Date: 1881-1885. 

II. Party: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, J. G. Blaine of Me.; T. F. Frel- 
Inghuysen of New York. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, Wm Windom ot Minn.; C. 
F. Folger of New York. 

3. Secretary of War, Robert L. Lincoln, of 111. 

4. Secretaries of Navy, W. H. Hunt, of La.; Nathan 
Goff of \V. Va. ; W. E. Chandler of N. H. 

5. Secretaries of Interior, W. Kirkwood of la. ; H. M. 
Teller ol Col. 

6. Postmasters General, L. L. James of N. Y. ; T. O. 
Howe of Wis.; W. E. Gresham of Ind.; Frank Hatton of la. 

7. Attorneys General, Wayne McVeagh; H. B. Brewstei' 
of Pa. 

NOTE — When Arthur succeeded to the Presidency; the 
office of Vice, President was filled by D. Davis, 1S82-S3; Geo. 
F. Edmunds, 1883-84. 

VI. Policy: 

1. Public schools to be encouraged. 

2. Repression of Poligamy. 

3. National banking system maintained. 

4. Immigration of Chinese to be regulated by treaty. 

5. Laws regulating civil service. 

6. Equal rights of the enfranchised blacks. 

7. Reduction of Nat'l debt. 



1 70 Analysis of American History. 

8. Public Improvement. 

9. Advocated high tariff favorable to American artisans 
discriminating between national and state power in favor of 
the former. 

NOTE — The administration commenced with a "Dead- 
lock" in the Senate. 

V. Events: 

1. Star route scandal, ^^81 

2. Red Cross society organized— Geneva, Switzerland, 
Clara Barton, Pres., ^^^•'■ 

3 Garfield assassinated, July 2— Died, Elberon, N. J. 
Sept. 29, 1881 

4. Arthur qualified, Washington, Sept. 22, 1S81 

5. Atlanta Exposition, l^^l 

G. Yorktown Centennial, ^^^'^ 

7. Christain Endeavor Society formed. Rev. E. E. Clark 

Portland, Me., ^^^^ 

8. Guiteau executed, ^^^^ 

9. Tariff Commission appoined, 188i 

10. Pond Law ^^^^ 

11. Edmunds anti-Poligamay Bill, 1882 

12. Mississippi floods, l^^^ 

13. Civil Service Act— Pendleton, author 1883 

14. Tariff reduced, ■^°°'^ 

15. Completion of Northern Pacific R R. 1870 1883 

16. Brooklyn bridge completed , 1883 

17. Postage reduced and postal notes introduced,. .1883 

18. Standard Time adopted, 188^ 

19. Cincinnati riots 1884 

20. New Orleans Cotton Exposition, 1884 

21. Alaska given territorial government, 1884 

22. Washington mounment completed, I880 

Presidential campaign 1884 

1. Political parties, candidtes and conventions: 

(a) Democratic— Cleveland and Hendricks, Chicago, 

July 8. 

(b) Republican— Blaine and Logan, Chicago, June 3. 

(c) Prohibition— St. John and Daniel, Pittsburg July 23. 



Analysis of Atncrtcan History. 171 

(d) Nat'l Greenback Labor — Butler and West, Indian- 
opolis, May 2S. 

(e) Equal Rights — Belva Lockwood and Alfred Love. 

2. Issue: 
Tariff Question: 

3. Result— Vote: Basis 151,911. Number of electors 325. 
Electoral — Cleveland 219; Harrison 1S2; Popular — St. 

John 151,809; Butler 133,825. 

Congresses. Forty-seventh — 

Met March 4, 1881 adjourned ]\Iay 24. 1881. 

**Met Sept., 1881 adjourned . 

Met Dec. 4, 1882 adjourned March 4. 1S83. 

Met Dec. 5, 1881 adjourned Aug. 8, 1882. 1. Senate, D., 
S7; R., 37; Ind., 2*. 2. House D., 136; R., 147; G. B., 9 
Ind., 1. J. W. Keifer of Ohio, speaker, Republican. 

Congresses. Forty-eighth — 

Met Dec. 3, 1883 adjourned July 7. 1S84. 

Met Dec, 1, 1884 adjourned March 4, 1885. 1. Senate^ 
R., 40; D., 36. 2. House, R., 116; D.. 200; Ind., D., 4 Re- 
adjusted (Rep.) 4; G. B., 1. J. G. Carlisle of Kentucky, 
speaker, Democrat. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND OF N. V. 
AND T. A. HENDRICKS, OF IND. 

I. Date: 1885-1889, 

II. Party: Democratic: 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, Thos. F. Bayard, of Del. 
Secretaries of Treasury, D. F. Manning of N. Y. ; C. F. 
Fairchild, of N. Y. 

3. Secretary of War, W. C. Endicott, of Mass. 

4. Secretary of Navy, W. C. Whitney of N. Y. 

**Extra session called to take action the Appropriation 
Bill. 

*Divided between the two parties. *Extra session call- 
ed to confirm nominations. 



172 A?ialysis of American Hist.ry, 

5. Secretaries of Interior, L. C. Lamar of Mass.; W. F. 
Viles of Wis. 

G. Postmasters General, W. M. Vilas of Wis,; D. M. 
Dickenson of Michigan. 

7. Attorney General, A. H. Garland of Ark. 

NOTE— After the death of Hendricks the office of Vice 
President was filled by Sherman and Ingalls. 

IV. Policy: 

1. The preservation of Political Rights. 

2. Supremacy of Fedral Government wiithin consti,- 
tutional provisions. 

3. Reform in the existing tariff and internal revenue 
laws. 

4. Denounced all sumptuary laws. 

5. Advanced position on church and state, silver and 
civil service. 

6. Restoration of Ameriican Commerce. 

V. Events: 

1. Vice President Hendricks died Nov. 25, 1885 

2. The Cotton Exposition — New Orleans ISSii 

3. PoptofRce Appropriation Bill July 1, 1885 

4. Blair School Bill defeated 1881) 

5. Knights of Labor, Boycott and Black-List 1886 

6. Haymarket riot. Chicago — "Year of Strikes.". . . .1886 

7. Bartholdi Statue unveiled Oct. 24, 1886 

8. Texas cyclone— 44 lives lost: loss $5,300,000,. . .1886 

9. Charleston earthquake; loss $5,000,000. Aug. 31, 1886 

10. President's marriage and tour 1886 

11. Presidential Succession Bill 1886 

12. Electoral College Bill passed 1887 

13. Interstate Commerce Law passed — Reagan, author 
Feb. \, 1887 

] 4. Chatsworth Hon or 1887 

15. Dynamite gun invented — Zaiinski 1S87 

16. Tenure of Oftice Law repealed 1887 

17. Fishery Question settled. Washington. .. .Nov., 1887 

18. Murcheson Letter, Sackville— West recalled,. . .1888 

1:^. Chinese Exclusion Bill passed 1886 

Deaths — Grant, MeClelan, Hendricks. W. H. Vanderbilt, 



Analysts of . Amerzcan Ihstoiy. 173 

and Toombs, 1885. Hancock, D. Davis, Seymour, Tilden, 
Arthur, C. F. Adams and Logan, 1886 Beecher, Wheeler and 
Finch 188/. Waite, Sheridan and Conkling 1887. 

Presidential campaign 1888 

1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: 

(a) Democratic — Cleveland and Thurman, St. Louis. 
June 5. 

(b) Republican — Harrison and jNIorton. Chicago June 19 
(.c) Prohibition — Fis^k and Brooks, Indianapolis, May 30. 

(d) United Labor — Cowdrey and Wakefield. 

(e) Greenback and Labor — Streeter and Cunningham. 

(f) National Equal Rights — Belva A. Lockwood and 
A. H. Love, Des Moines, May 15. 

(g) American — Curtis and Green. 

2. Issue: 

Tariff and Free Trade, between the two main parties. 

3. Result— Vote: Basis 151,911. Number of electors 325. 
Electoral — Harrison 232; Cleveland 1G8. Popular — Fisk, 

249,907; Cowrey 2,808; Streeter 118,105; Curtis L591. 
Congresses. Forty-ninth — 

Met Dec. 16, 1S85 adjourned Aug. 5, 1886. 

Met Dec. 6, 1886 adjourned March 3, 1887. 1. Senate, 
R., 41; D., 35. 2. House, R., 138; D.. 182; P., 2. Vacancies 
3. J. G. Carlisle, speaker. 

*Congresses. Fiftieth — 

Met Dec. 5, 1887 adjourned Oct. 20. 1888. 

Met Dec. 3, 1888 adjourned March 4, 1889. 1. Senate, 
R., 39; D., 37. 2 House, R., 153; D., 168; Ind. 4. J. O. 
Carlisle, speaker. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF BENJ. HARRISON OF IND., AND 
LEVI P. MORTON OF N. Y. 

I. Date: 1889-1893. 

II. Party: Republican. 
Ill Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, J. G. Blaine of Me. ; J. W. Foster 
of New York. 

♦Longest Congress in history — in session 321 days. 



174 Analysis of Aineriavi Histoiy. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, William Windom, of Minn.; 
Charles Foster of Ohio. 

3. Secretaries of War, Redfield Proctor of VL. ; S. B. 
Elkens of West Virginia. 

4. Attorney General, W. H. H. Miller of Ind. 

5. Postmaster General, Jno. Wanamaker, of Pa. 

6. Secretary of Navy, B. F. Tracy, of N, Y. 

7. Secretary of Interior, J. W. Noble of Mo. 

8. Secretary of Agriculture, Jermiah M. Rush of Wis. 

IV. Policy: 

Conservative, clear and comprehensive — strongly favor- 
ed the Pretective Idea and accepted the issue of Free Trade 
as advanced by the Democrats. 

V. Events: 

1. Oklahoma opened, April 22. 18S9 

2. Washington centennial, N. Y. city . .April 29.-30, 1889 

3. Conemaugh distaster, 2,200 lives lost — Loss $10,- 
000,000, May 31, 1889 

4. N. Dak., S. Dak., Mont, and Wash admitted 1889 

5. Epworth League organized, 1889 

G. Pan-American congress, 1889 

7. Idaho and Wyoming admitted, 1890 

8. McKinley Tariff bill passed Oct. 6, 1890 

9. Reciprocity measures, 1890 

10. Pension bill passed, 1890 

11. National Farmer's Alliance and Industrial Union 
1890 

12. Anti-Lottery Law 1890 

13. Pure Food Bill, 1890 

14. Naval Bill — navy increased, 1890 

15. Interstate Commerce Act modified — Original Pack- 
age Decision 1890 

16. Bland Act modified— Sherman Act 1890 

17. International Copyright I-aw, 1890 

18. Sioux disturbances in S. Dak., Nov., to Jan., Sitting 
Bull, chief 1890-91 

19. Census taken— 63,622,250, 1890 

20. The "Mafia" Episode, 1890 

21. The Chilian Embroglio 1891 



Analysis of Auicrican History. 175 

22. Behring Sea Question, 1891 

23. Australian ballot system adopted — F. S. Dutton, 
author, 1S88-92 

24. Labor strikes — Homestead, Pa 1892 

25. Pinkerton Law 1892 

26. Panama Scandal 1892 

27. Chinese Exclusion Bill re-enacted 1893 

28. Garcia troubles Mexican border disturbances 1892-93 
Deaths— A. T. Rice, D. G. Mitchell, H. W. Grady 1889. 

Astor, Randall, Fisk, Fremont, Schuyler. Shillaber 1890. 
Wetherell, Bancroft, Windom, Porter, Sherman, Johnson, 
Barnum, Lossing, Lowell, Jones 1891. Noah Porter, Walt 
Whitman, Field, Curtis, Whittier, P. S. Gillmore, Caroline 
Scott, Harrison, T. Schwatha and Jay Gould 1892. 

Presidential campaign, 1892 

1. Political parties, canoidates and conventions: 

(a) Republican — Harrison and Ried, Minneapolis, June 
7. 

(b) Democratic — Cleveland and Stevenson, Chicago, 
June 21. 

(c) Prohibition — Bidwell and Cranfill, Cincinnati, June 
30. 

(d) Peoples — Weaver and Field, Omaha, July 4. 

(e) Socialistic Labor — Wing and Matchett. 

2. Issue: 

Tariff and currency. 

3. Result — Vote: 

Electoral— Cleveland 277; Harrisor 14-5; Weaver 22. 
Popular— Bidwell, 264,133; Wing 21,164. 

Congresses. Fifty-first — 

1. Senate, R., 39; D., 37. 2. House, R, 166; D., 159. 
T. B. Reed of Me., speaker. Republican. 

Congresses. Fifty-second — 

1. Senate, R., 47: D., 39; Ind., 2. 2. House, R., 88; 
D.. 236; }nd., 8. C. F. Crisp of Ga.. speaker, Democrat. 



176 Analysis of AjJierican History. 

THE ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND OF N. Y. 
AND A. E. STEVENSON OF ILL. 

I. Date: 1893-1897. 

II. Party: Democratic. 

III. Cabinet: 

i. Secretary of State, Richavd Olney of Mass. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, J. G. Carlisle of Ky. 

3. Secretary of War, D. S. Lament, of N. Y. 

4. Attorney General, Judson Harmon, of Ohio. 

5. Postmaster General, W. L. Wilson of W. Va. 

6. Secretary of Navy, H. A. Herbert of Ala. 

7. Secretaries of Interior, Hoke Smith of Ga. ; D. R. 
Frances of Mo. 

8. Secretary of Agriculture, J. S. Moiton of Neb. 

IV. Policy: 

1. Pledged Jeffersonian principles and opposed the 
Force Bill. 

2. Opposed Trusts and Protective Tariff. 

3. Opposed giving away public lands to railroads. 

4. Opposed the Coinage of 1S90 and state banks. 

5. Opposed pauper immigration. 

6. Favored Nicaraguan canal. Popular Education and 
Mississippi improvements. 

V. Events: 

1. Extra session of Congress — Sherman act repealed 
1893 

2. Financial crisis, 193-97 

3. Behring Sea Case, 1893 

4. Columbian Exposition, Chicago May 1. 1893 

5. Hawaiian Policy — President 1893 

6. Railroad, Pullman and Labor strikes, from 111., to 
P. Ocean, Tune to Aug 1894 

7. Industrial army, Commonwealers, Coxeyites and La- 
bor disturbances. 1894 

S. Force Act repealed, 1894 

9. Boston fire 1894 

10. Debs imprisoned, 1894 

11. Civil Service extended— 90,000 positions, 1894 



Analysis of Aniertcan History. 177 

12. Venezuelan Boundary dispute — Arbitration,. .. .1894 

33. Atlanta Exposition, 1895 

14. Cuban Revolt 1895 

15. Chinese Exclusion — Geary Law, 1895 

16. New Bond Issue— $260,000,0G0, 1895 

17. Seniorage Bill defeated, 1895 

18. Postal Laws changed, 189c 

19. Utah admitted, 1896 

20. Arbitary Treaty, It 1896 

21. Discovery of X-rays — Roentgen, 1897 

Deaths — Butler, Hayes, Lamar and Blaine, 1893 Banks, 

Holmes, McCosh, Curtain, Winthrop and Childs 1894 
Eugene Field, I. P. Gray, Dr. J. _,ord, General Wm. 
Gibson and Bishop Taylor, 1895. W. E. Russell 
C. Crisp, R. G. Hoar, Thos Ewing, E. A. Nye, T. Runyon, 
Kate Field and "Gail Hamilton," 1896. Mrs. H. B. Stowe 1897 
Presidential Campaign, 1896 

1. Political Parties, Candidates and Conventions: 

(a) Democrat — Bryan and Sewall, Chicago, July 7. 

(b) Republican — McKinley and Hobart, St. Louis. 
June 16. 

(c) Prohibition — Levering and Johnson, Pittsburg, May 
2^ 

(d) National — Bentley and Southgate, Pittsburg May 29 

(e) Socialist-Labor — Matchett and Maguire, iNew 
York. July 6. 

(f) Peoples — Bryan and Watson, St. Louis. July 22. 

(g) National Silver — Bryan and Sewall, St. ; 
July 22. 

(h) National Democratic — Palmer and Buckner, Indian- 
opolis, Sept. 2. 

2. Issue: 

3. Result — Vote: Basis, 173,901. Number of electors 356. 

Electoral — McKinley, 271 ; Bryan 176. Popular — Lever- 
ing, 132,007; Palmer, 133,148; Matchett, 36,274; Bentley, 
13,969. 

♦Congresses. Fifty-third — 

Senate, R., 38; D., 44; Ind. 3. 2. House R., 126; D., 220 
Ind., 8. C. F. Crisp of Ga., speaker. Democrat. 



i/S Analysis of American History. 

Congresses. Fifty-fourth — 

1. Senate, R., 42; D., 39; Ind., 5. 2. House, R., 246; 
D., 104 ; Ind., 7. T. B. Reed of Me., speaker, Republican. 
*Extra session called to consider the financial crisis. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF WM. McKINLEY OF OHIO AND 
GARRET A. HOBART OF NEW JERSEY. 

[. Date: 1S97-1901 

v. Party: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretaries of State, J. Sherman of O. ; W. R. Day, 
of O. ; J. Hay, of 111. 

2. Secretary of Treasuiy, L. S. Gage of 111. 

3. Secretaries of War, R. A. Alger, of Mich.; Elihu Root 
•-f New York. 

4. Attorneys General, Joseph McKenna of Cal.! J. W. 
Griggs of New Jersey. 

5. Postmasters General, J. A.. Gary of Md.; C. E. Smith. 
of Pennsylvania. 

6. Secretary of Navy, J. D. Long, of Mass. 

7. Secretaries of Interior, C. N. Bliss of N. Y. ; E. A. 
Hitchcock of Mo. 

8. Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa. 

IV. Poiicy: 

1. Protective tariff and maintenance of Gold Standard 
of money. 

2. Reciprocity strongly endorsed. 

3. Monroe Doctrine and sympathy lor Cuba. 

4. Recognized the political rights of women. 

5. Educational test of immigrants. 

6. Conservative — yet vigorous foreign policy. 

V. Events: 

1. Special Session of Congress — Dingley Bill passed 1897 

2. Increase of Exports— $1,200,000,000, 1897 

3. Grant's Tomb dedicated 1897 

4. Congressional Library building opened 1897 

5. Cub2.n Question Agitated 1897 



Anaij/sis of Ajnerican History. 1 79 

6. Boundaries of N. Y. City changed — "Greater New 
Yorlv, 1898 

7. Destruction of the Maine— Value $4,689,261—266 kill- 
ed, Feb. 15, 1898 

8. Naval Court of Inquiry appointed, 1898 

9. Navy Appropriation,— $50,000,000 1898 

10. Special Message to C9ngress, 1898 

11. Vohmteer force of 200,000 men called— 1,000,000 re- 
sponded, 1898 

12. War with Spain 1898 

13. Bond Issue— $200,000,000, 1898 

14. "War Revenue Act" about $200,000,000 raised an- 
nually, 1S98 

15. Annexation of Hawaii— vote 42 to 21, ..July 7, 1898 

16. Jolo Archipelago Agreement, 1898 

17. Trans-Mississippi Exposition, Omaha, ...1898 

18. Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Abitration Commission, 
Paris, Oct. 31, 1899. Commissioners Chief Justice Fuller, 
Associate Justice Brewer, Lord Chief Justice Russel, Sir 
Richard Collins and Professor Martens. 

19. Philippine Commission, March, 1900 

Commissioners: W. H. Taft, Dean C. Worcester, L. E. 
Wright, H. C. Ide and Bernard Moses. 

20. Universal Peace Conference — The Hague, 1899 

21. Death of Vice President Hobart Nov. 21 1899 

22. Partition Treaty— Tutu ila, Dec. 2, 1899 

23. South Sea Expedition — Borchgrevink, 1899 

24. Twelfth Census— 76,295,220 1900 

25. Boxer Troubles and "Open Door" with China ..1900 

26. Hanna-Payne ship Subsidy Bill, 1900 

27. Gold Standard and Porto Rican Acts, 1900 

28. Hawaii organized as a territory, 1900 

29. Red Shirts and Regents of the White Shield organ- 
ized, 1900 

30. Galveston Disaster — 7,000 lives lost. Loss of prop- 
erty $30,000,000, Sept. 6-7, 1900 

31. Isthmiam Canal Question 1900 

32. Apportionment Bill passed, Jan. 16, 1900 



i8o Analysis of American liiswry. 

This act increased the whole number of Representatives 
from 357 to 386. Ratio of Representation, 193,167. 

Presidential Campaign, 1900 

1. Political Parties, Candidates and Conventions: 

(a) Republican — McKinley and Roosevelt, Philadelphia, 
June 19. 

(b) Democrat — Bryap and Stevenson, Kansas e ;. 
July 4. 

(cj Anti-Fusion — Barker and Donelly, Cincinnati, May 9 

(d) Prohibition — Woolley and Metcalf. 

(e) Socialist-Labor — Maloney and Remmel. 
(t) Social Democrat — Debs and riarriman. 
(g) United Christian — Leonard and Woolley. 
(h) Union Reform — Ellis and Nicholas. 

2. Issue; 

'Between Gold Standard and free coinage of silver. 

3. Result — Vote — Electoral— McKinley 292; Bryan 155. 
Popular— Woolley, 208,833; Barker 5U.373; Debs 86,686; Mal- 
oney 3.,^759; Leonard 1,059; Ellis 5,688. 

Congresses. Fifty-fifth — 

1. Senate, R., 46; D., 34; Ind., 10. 2. House, R., 206; 
D., 134; Ind., 16. T. B. Reed of Me., speaker. Republican. 

Congresses. Fifty-sixth — 

1. Senate, R., 53; D., 26; Ind., 11. 2. House, R., 185; 
D., 163; Ind., 9. D. B. Henderson of la., speaker, Republican. 



SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

I. Date: 

Declared by Act of Congress, April 25, 1898. The fight- 
ing covered one hundred and seven days — May 1 to August 
15. 

II. Causes: 

1. Real. 

The continued oppression of the people of Cuba by Spanish 
rulers. 

2. Act. (Influencing.) 
Destruction of the Maine. 



Analysis of American History. i8i 

iJ. Court of Inquiry: 

Members — Captains Sampson and Chadwick and Lieut. Com- 
manders Marix and Potter. 

IV. American Leaders: 

Dewey, Sciiley, Hobson, Sampson, Otis, Merritt, Funston, 
Miles, Roosevelt, Wlieeler, Slialter and others. 

V. Spanish Leaders: 

Cevera, Blanco, Toral, Montejo, Jandenes and others. 

V I. Cuban Leaders: 

Gomez, Ruloff, Sanchez, Cespedes, Diaz, Agramonte, Palma 
and others. 

VII. American Vessels (North Atlantic Squadron, commanded by 
Sampson). 

Battleships — Iowa and Indiana. Armored cruiser, New York 
Monitors, Puritan, Terror and Amphitrite. Gunboats, Nash- 
ville, Castine, Machias, Wilmington and Helena. Cruisers, 
Detroit, Cincinnati and Marblehead. Torpedo boats, Gush- 
ing, Ericsson, Dupont, Foote, Winslow, Porter and Mayflower. 

VIII. American Vessels. (Asiatic Squadron, commanded by 
Dewey). 

Boston, Concord, McCullock, Petral, Olympia, Baltimore and 
Raleigh. 

IX. Spanish Vessels. (Asiatic Squadron commanded by Montejo) 
Reina Cristina, Castilla, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla de Cuba, 
Isla de Luzon, Marques del Dureero, Elcano, Velaso Mindanao 
and Don Juan de Austria. 

X. Spanish Vessels. (Atlantic Squadron commanded by Cevera) 
Viscaya, Christobal Colon, Alrairante Oquendo and Infanta 
Maria Teresa. 

XI. Principal Battles: 

Matanzas, April 27: Manila Bay, May 1; Cardenas, May 11; 
Guantanamo Bay, June 10; Sevilla, June 25; EI Caney and 
San Juan Hill, July 1-2; Santiago, July 3; Ponce, July 28; 
Manila, August 13. — Spain lost 58 vessels. 

XII. Peace Commissioner's. (American.) 

Geo. Gray. Wm. P. Frye, Cushman K. Davis, Wm. R. Day, 
Whitelaw Reid. 



1 82 Analysis of American History. 

XIII. Peace Commissioners. (Spanish). 

W. R. l)e Villa Urrutia, J. De Garnica, Eugenio Montero 
Rios, B. De Abarzuza, Rafael Cerrero. 

XIV. Treaty: 

The Protocol was Signed Aug. 12, 1898 by M. Cambon, the 
PYench embassador at Washington, acting for Spain. Final 
draft signed Dec. 10, 18G8. Ratified, Feb. 6, 1899. Vote 57 
to 27. 

XV. Clauses — Principal: 

1. Spain relinquished her claim of sovereignty over and 
title to Cuba — Cuban Independence. 

2. *Porto Rico, Guam and other islands were ceded to 
the United States. 

3. Philippine Islands ceded to the U. S. in return the 
U. S. pays Spain— within three months— $20,000,000 for the 
Manila harbor improvements. 

4. Spain given the freedom of trade in Philippine ports 
for ten years. 

5. Full exchange of prisoners and arms. 

6. All claiKis for indemnity, both national and individu- 
al relinquished by both countries, 

XVI. Results: 

May be found in the clauses of the treaty. 

XVII. Effects: 

1. Evil. 

(a) Cost in Life: 

1. Killed in action 329; wounded 125; died of disease 
5,277. 

(d) Cost in Money: 



*At present, there seems to be a difference in opinion 
among writers regarding the Second Article of the Treaty. 
Some authorities clai mthat the phrase "Porto Rico and 
other islands" should be so interperted as to include the Isle 
of Pinos and all other islands situated in the West India 
Archipelago, formerly owned by Spain. On this point auth- 
orities differ. 



Analysis of American History. 183 

1. Whole cost: !?35r.,000,000. Direct cost, $135,000,000 
Amount spent in maintaining the navy $69,000,000; army 
$255,000 

2. Good — 

(a) It developed a heroic type of Americanism, 
(bi The great uplift of our government in the opinions 
of other nations. 

(c) A broad example of Christianity. 

(d) Conciousness of civilization, advanced and principle 
maintained. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF WM. McKINLEY OF OHIO AND 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT OF N. Y. 

I. Date: 1901 — 

II. Party: Republican. 

III. Cabinet: 

1. Secretary of State, John Hay, of Ohio. 

2. Secretaries of Treasury, L. S. Gage, of 111.; L. M. 
Shaw, of Iowa. 

?.. Secretary of War, Elihu Root of N. Y. 

4. .'Attorney General, P. C. Knox of Pa. 

'<. Postmasters General, C. B. Smith of Pa.; H. C. Payne 
of Wis. 

6. Secretaries of Navy, J. D. Long, of Mass.; W. H. 
Moody of Mass. 

7. Secretary of Interior, E. A. Hitchcock of Mo. 

8. Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa. 

IV. Policy: 

\. A complete indorsement of all the acts of the ad- 
ministration. 

2. Defended the Philippine policy. 

3. Opposed the free coinage of silver. 

4. -Jpheld the gold standard. 

V. Events: 

1. Death of Ex-Pres. Harrison, March 13, 1901 

2. Aguinaldo captured — Funston, ^larch 23, 19ui 

A short time after his capture he took the oath of allegiance 



184 Analysis of American History. 



and issued a manifesto advising all the Philippinos still re- 
sisting American rule to lay down their arms and recognize, 
the authority of the U. S. 

.o. President's Tour— West and South, Apr. 29 to 30 1901 
4. American Army withdrew from Peking, ..May 5 1901 
\t. Pan-American Exposition opened — Buffalo May 1, 
3901. 

6. Baldwin-Ziegler Artic Expedition sailed — Norway, 
July 17, 1901 

7. Miss Ellen M. Stone captured — Bulgarians, Sept. 3, 
1901. She and her companion, Mme. Tsiika, were released, 
Feb. 23, 1902. 

8. Assassination of Presidednt McKinley — Czolgotz, 
September 6, 1901 

9. Carnegie Institute incorporated — Wasnington — 
$J 0,000,000, Jan. 4, 1902 

10. Danish West India Treaty ratified by the United 

States Senate Feb. 17, 1902, 

This treaty for the cession of the Danish West Indies was 
signed by Secretary Hay and Minister Brun, but on June 24th 
the time for the ratification of the treaty between the U. S. 
and Denmark for the sale of them was extended. This treaty 
failed by a tie vote in the Danish Landsthing. f Upper House) 
October 22, 1902. 

Jl. Philippine Tariff Bill passed March 8, 1902 

I?. The visit of Prince Henry — Germany 1902 

lo. Tillman McLaurin dimculty — Philippine Tariff Bill, 

Feb. 22, 1902 

M. La Soufriere, Vincent and Martinique disasters, — 

32.000 lives lost May 6-7-, 1902 

J 5. Oleomargerine Pill — ten cents tax,.... May 9, 1902 
J 6. Anthracite Coal Strike began — 147,000 miners, 

May 12. 1902 

17. The Rochambeau statue dedicated — Washington, 

May 27, 1902 

J8. IPthmiam Canal Bill passed, June 28, 1902 

19. Bailey-Beveridge difficulty, June 30, 1902 

20. "War Revenue Act repealed — Revenue diminished 
$77,000,000 July 1, 1902 



Analysis of Ajiicrican History. 1 8 5 

21. The Pittsfield Accident, Sept. 3, 1902 

Narrow escape of President Roosevelt. Wm. Craig killed. 

J 2. Artie Expedition — Lieut. Peary — 84:17, north lati- 
tude, Sept. 18, 1902 

23. Scott's Antartic Expedition, 1902-03 

24. The Venzuelan Controversey, 1902-03 

25. Alaslcan Boundary Treaty, Jan. 20, 1903 

26. Department of Commerce and Labor created, Feb- 
ruary 11, 1903. 

27. The St. Louis World's Fair Dedication, April 30- 
May 1-2, i;.03. 

rs. Ohio's Centennial— Chillicothe, May 20, 1903 

Deaths — Ex Pres. Harrison, Maurice Thompson, Evarts, 

J Fiske, Whipple. Pres. McKinley, J. D. Ried and Fitz J. 

Porter 1901. J. P. Altgeld, Wade Hampton, De .witt Talmadge 

F. R. Stockton, J. S. Morton, S. S. Russell, Bret Harte, \v . T. 

Sampson, Barrows, Mackay, Gen. Siegel, E. Eggleston, Eliz. 

C. Stanton, T. B Reed, Mrs. Julia D. Grant, 1902. A. S. 

Hewitt, Geo. Belknap, G. F. Swift, Rev. Dr. W. H. Milburn, 

1903. 
Congresses. Fifty seventh — 

Met V)ec. 2. ll'Ol adjourned July 1. 1902. 

Met Dec. 1002 adjourned March 4, 1903. 1. House, R., 

56; D., 29; Ind. 3. 2. House R., 198, D., 153; Ind. 5. D. B. 

Henderson of Ta., speaker. Republican. 



OUTLINE OF FINANCIAL HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

1791 — United States bank charter for twenty years. 

1811 — Re-charter defeated by one vote in house and by 
casting vote in senate 

1.S16 — United States bank re-chartered for twenty years. 

1834-'3ii — Jackson defeats re-charter 

i834-'3S — State banks and sub-treasury 

J834-'6'} — State banking systems in the several states. 

1841 — Tyler vetoes bill tor fiscal bank of United States. 

1S6'.''6.; — National greenback and national banking laws. 

1873 — Demonetization ox silver (coinage of silver dollars 
stopped). 



1 86 Analysis of American History. 

1S76 — I. aw for resumption of specie payments in 1879. 
187^;— Forceci coinage (Bland- Alii son law coinage of sil- 
ver dollar resumed). 

jSno — Forced purchase (Sherman law). 
1800 — Repeal of the Sherman law. 
1900— Gold Standard Act. 

Gold Coins of the United States. 

Double Eagle. Authorized March 3, 1S49: weight, 516 
grains; lineness, 9. 

Total am.ount to June 30, :;89u, $:, 277,093,220. Smallest 
coinage in any year, 18S6, $22,120; next smallest 1887, $5,- 
662,920, third smallest, 1885, $13,875,560. 

Largept coinage, 1861, $74,989,000. 

Coinage during the war, 1862, $18,920,120; 1S63, $22,187,- 
200; I8;i. S19.9.'.8.900; 18<''>5, $27,874,000. 

Eagle. Authorized April 2, 1792, weight. 270 grains; 
fineness. 1'16 2-3. 

183-', weight changed to 258 grains, and fineness t(! 
.8;'9,125. 

1837, fiineness changed to .9. 

Total coinage .Tune 30, 1896, ?266.538,270. 

Half Eagle. Authorized April 2, 1792; weight 13o grains; 
fineness .916 2-3. 

Weight changed 1834 to 129 grains, and fineness t 
.8!)?,225. 

In 1^37 fir,oness changed to .9 

Total coinage to June 30, 1896. $220,631,035. 

Quarter Fsgle. Autiiorized A.prll 2, 1792. weight, 67.5 
grains; fineness, .916 2-3. 1834, weight made 64.5 grains 
and fineness, .8^9.225; but in 1837 it was made .9. Total 
coinage, June 30. 1896, $28,711,015. 

Three Dollar Piece. Authorized February 21. 1853; dis- 
continued September 26, 1890. 

Dollar Piece. Authorized March 3, 1849. and discontin- 
ued September !'6, 1890. 



Analysts of A))ierican History. 187 

Silver Coins of United States. 

Dolar. Authorized April 2, 1792; weight, 416 grains*; 
fineness, .892.4. 

In 1S?,7 we Wight changed to 412 1-2 grains, and fine- 
ness to 9. 

Coiriaffe diseontninued February 12, 1S7J), and reauthor- 
ized Fehruary 28, 1878. 

Total coinage from 1("92 to 1873, $8,031,238. 

Coinage from 1878 to 1896, $-±30,790,041. 

Trade Dollar. Authorized February 12, 1873; weight 420 
grains; fineness, .9. 

In 1876 (.fuly 22) coinage limited to export demand. 
Coinage discontinued March 3, 1887. 
Total coinage, $35,96-5,924. 

half Dollar, Authorized April 2. 1792; weight, 20r3 
grains; fineness, .892.4. In 1837 weight changed to 206 1-4 
grains, and fineness to .9. In 1853 it was made 192 grains, 
and in 1873, 192.9 grains. Total amount, .lune 30, 1896, $132,- 
662.308. 

Columbian Half Dollar. Authorized August 5, 1892, for 
World's Fair use; weight, 192.9 grains; fineness, .9. Tota' 
amount, $2,501,052 50. 

Quarters. Authorized April 2, 1792; weight, 104 grains; 
fineness, .892,4. In 1873 changed to 103 1-8 grains, and 
.9 fineness. In 1853 to 96 grains, and in 1873 to 96.45 grains. 
Total amount, $37,166,166. 

Columbian Quarters. Authorized March 3, 1893, for 
World's Fair use: weight, 96.45 grains; fineness, .9. Total 
amount, $10,005.75. 

Twenty-cent Piece. Authorized March 3, 1875: weight. 
77.16 grains; fineness, .9; discontinued May 2, 1878. Total 
amount, $271,000. 

Dime. Authorized 1792; weight, 41.6 grains: fineness, 
.892.4. In 1837 changed to 41 1-4 grains, and fineness to .9. 
In 1853 to 38.4 grains, annd in 1873 to 38.58 grains. Total 
coinage $28,904,300. 



1 88 Analysis of American Histoy. 

Half Dime. Authorized 1792; discontinued 1873. Total 
amount, $4,880,219. 

Three-cert Piece. Authorized 1851; discontinue! 1873. 

iVIinor United Sates Ccins. 

Nickel (five cents). Authorized May 16, 186C; weight, 
77.16 grains; 75 per cent, copper; 25 per cent, nickel. Total 
amount, $14,292,235. 

Three-cent Nickel. Authorized March 3, 1865; discon- 
tinued Septemoer 26, 1890. Total coinage, $941,349. 

Two-cent Bronze. Authorized April 22, 1864; discontin- 
ued 1873. Total amount, $912,020. 

Copper Cent. Authorized 1792; discontinued 1857. Total 
amount, $1,562,887. 

Nickel Cent. Authorized 1857; discontinued 1864. 
Total coinage, $2,007,720. 

Bronze Cent. Authorized 1864. Total coinage, $8,073,- 
910. 

The Currency. 

There are ten different kinds of money in circulation in 
the United States: 

Greenbacks, Gold certificates, Silver certificates. Treasury 
notes. National bank notes, Gold coins, Standard silver dol- 
lars, Subsidiary silver. Nickels, Bronze coins. 

The gold coins are legal tender for all debts, public and 
private. 

The standard silver dollafs are legal tender in payment 
of all debts, public and private, without regard to amount, 
except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. 

Subsidiary silver is legal tender for amounts not exceed- 
ing $10 in any one payment. 

Treasury notes (July 14, 1890) are legal tender for all 
debts, public and private, except where otherwise expressly 
stipulated in the contract. 

United States notes are legal tender for all debts, public 
and pnvate, except duties on imports and interest on the 
public debt. 



Analysis of American History. 1 89 

Gold certificates, silver certificates, and national bank 
notes are not legal tender, but both classes of certificates 
are reveivable for all public dues, while national bank notes 
are receivaVile lor all public dues, except duties on imports, 
and luay be paia out by the government for all salaries, and 
c'her debts and demands owing by the government to indi- 
\ "duals, corporations, and associations within the U. S. 

All national banks are required to receive the notes of 
other national banks. 

Nickel and bronze coins are legal tender up to 25 cents. 



PANAMA CANAL. 

The action taken by the U. S. Senate, March 17, 1903 
confirming the treaty that had been signed by Secretary Hay 
and Dr. Thomas Herran, who represented Columbia promises 
Ui remove the only serious obstacle lo the early commence- 
ment of tlie great work of constructing the Isthmiam Canal. 
The total length of the canal will be 43.03 miles, and of 
this distance 11 miles will be taken up by the artificial lake 
Bohio. This reduces the length from shore to shore to 32.03 
1? !\^b It will have five locks. The estimated cost of con- 
struction is $184,233,000 including a payment of $40,000,000 
to the New Panama Canal Company for its concession and 
property. In accordance with the treaty the U. S. agrees to 
pay Columbia $10,000,000 and an annual payment of $250,000 
beginning nine years hence. The lease grants to the U. S. 
"an exclusive right for the term of 100 years renewable at 
the sole and absolute option of the U. S. for periods of sim- 
ilar duration." Width of canal zone 6 1-2 miles. The canal 
is to be open for trafiic within fourteen years. 



THE HAGUE TRIBUNAL. 

May 18, 1809, by the invitation of the Czar of Russia 
to seek "means of putting a limit to incessant armaments, 
and to prevent the calamities that menace the entire world" 
a Universal Peace Conference met at The Hague, Holland. 
Although the Conference did not devise a way for reducing 



igp Afialysis of American History. 

armaments, it did provide (July I'd) for a pernament Court 
of Arbitration empowered to consider at any time any inter- 
national dispute which may be presented by the consent of 
all parties interested. Fifteen nations, embracing all the 
maratime powers, are represented. These are: Austria- 
Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain 
Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain. Portugal, Roumania, Russia, 
Sweden and Norway, and the United States. The adminis- 
trative council consists of the Minister of Foreign .Affair , <■ 
the Netherlands (Holland) now Baron Yon Leyden and the 
diplomatic representatives at the Hague. The United States 
is represented in the Court of Arbitration by Oscar Strass, 
l>Ielville W. Fuller, Jonh W. Griggs, and Horace Gray. 

The first case settled by this Court of Arbitration was a 
claim £.gainst Mexico presented by the United States in be- 
half of the Catholic missions of California — a claim resting 
upon oijJigations entered into by the Mexican government 
before California was annexed to this country. The Court 
awarded to the claimants of this, "Pious Fund," as it was 
called, the sum of $1,420,692, besides an annual allowance 
of $4o.00C, but they are dissatisfied with the decision be- 
cause the amount is payable in Mexican currency which is 
only worth forty cents on the dollar. 

The Venezuelan Case arising from debts due mainly to 
Germany. I'^ngland and Italy, having been incurred by Venze- 
uela through commercial trade with these powers has through 
the efforts of Minister Bowen, been practically settled in 
this Court, thus, settlilng one great question of International 
law and that is, that the employment of force does nont give 
a nation a right to preferential treatment. Some other re- 
sults 0° this case are: (1) Venezuela will pay her debts. (2) 
The prestige of the Hague Court is enhanced. (3) TJie Unit- 
ei States has learned that the Monroe Doctrine carries with 
it obligations. (4) England will not again hasten to enter 
an ,' alliances against American states. 



Analysis of American History. 1 9 1 

CUBA "THE QUEEN OF THE ANTILLES." 

Had the U. S. government followed the advice of Pierre 
Soule nearly 50 years ago, there would have been no Cuban 
policy, and no Philippine problem. Soule was then (1853) 
our minister to Spain. He had been a member of the U. S. 
senate irom 1847 until Pres. Pierce named him a minister 
to Spain in 1853. It was his avowed intention, that when 
he reached Madrid to try to effect the purchase of Cuba 
from Spain. At Ostend, m Belgium, in 1854 he met Mason, 
the American minister to I'rance, and Buchanan the Ameri 
can minister to England and there framed the famous "Os- 
tend Manifesto." The chief points of this manifesto were 
that, as Spanish oppression in Cuba was such that Cuba 
would speedily resort to arms to free herself, the U. S. 
should offer to Spain for Cuba a sum not exceeding $120,- 
000,000, and in the event of Spain's refusal to sell, the U. S. 
would be justified in taking Cuba by force. These views 
were communicated to our governmennt late in 1854, and 
while the proposition passed unrebuked in Washington, the 
government took no action upon the advice. Soule, disgust- 
ed, resigned and returned home. Soule advocated secession 
and stood in the foremost rank a:? a Southern orator, often 
challenging northern orators in debate; but the election 
caused him to advise another course. FILIBUSTERING ERA. 
Narcisco Lopez, a Cuban, with ISO men, sailed from New 
Orleans with the avowed purpose of conquering Cuba. He 
was defeated and executed and many of his followers im- 
prisoned In 1Sj5 William Walker, of Tennessee, sailed 
from the same place to conquer C. America and then to ex- 
tend his influence and power. He was i^^everal times de- 
feated, but repeatedly renewed his attempts until 1858, when 
he was captured by the President of Honduras and shot. This 
put an end to all attempts at seizure of these lands by force. 
They were perpetrated with the ultimate design of adding 
slave territory to the U. S Several attempts have been 
made by the U. S. to acquire Cuba, but they were rejected 
by Spain. In 1831 in the "Tripartite Treaty" England and 
France, jealous of the U. S. proposed whereby each power 
was to disclaim all intentions o: seizing Cuba, and guarantee 



192 Analysis of American History. 

its possession to Spain. It was rejected by Edward Everett 
in a masterly reply setting forth the Monroe Doctrine. A 
trouble that almost severed our relations with Cuba and came 
near ending in war with Spain was the Virginius — Tornado 
DiflSculty of 1873. When no less than fifty-three brave sail- 
ors met death l^y execution among them being General W. A. 
C Ryan and Capt Fry. Repeated attempts were made to 
punish Gen. Burriel for his butchery, but without avail and 
the matter was not fully settled until the following year 
v/hen a rei.aratiou of $80,000 was given by Spain to heirs of 
the victims. 

There have been at least five noted rebellions on the 
island ol Cuba all due to the tyrannical rulers, oppressive 
taxation and denial of political rights. The last and most 
important one beginning in 1895 and ended with the inde- 
pendence of Cuba in 1898, but not without the loss of nearly 
300,000 Cubans. 

History and Further Description: 

Cuba lies in Lat. 22 degrees north and Long. 80 degrees 
west. Length 750 miles; width SO miles. Area, including 1,300 
coast islands, 4C,000 square miles. Coastline, 7,000 
miles. People — Classes, Creoles, Negroes annd native Span- 
iards. Population nearly 1,600,000. Education, little devel- 
oped. — 70 per cent, illiterate. Temperature 77 degrees, sur- 
face, well watered, mountainous, soil fertile. Products, veg- 
etable, sus:ar, (151':j) coffee, cotton, tobacco, bannnas and 
oranges. Mineral — Copper and asphaltum — little developed. 
Chief cities — Havanna (236,000), Santiago de Cuba, 1 '" ' 
Matanzas and Peurto Principe. Cuba, first discovered by Co- 
lumbus, Oct. 28, 1492 and named Juana by him. Diego, his 
son, established tke first settlement in 1511. Thomas Estra- 
da Palma was elected president Dec. 31, 1901. He was in- 
aiisurated May 20, 1902. 



PORTO RICO— "THE GEM OF THE ANTILLES." 
Porto Rico* — Lies in Lat. 18 degrees North and Long. 
67 degrees East. First discovered by Columbus, Nov. 1492 



^Including the islands Mona, Culebra and Vieques. 



Anafysis of American History. 193 

The city of San Juan Bautista was founded by Ponce de Leon 
in 1508. At the time of the conquest of the island by the 
Spanish; it is claimed to have had a native population of 
nearly 500,000 but during the colonization many of them were 
killed and the rest reduced to slavery. So, we see that 
slavery existed from the first set.-ement and was not abol- 
ished until 1873. By the terms of the treaty at the close of 
the Spanish-American war the island passed under the 
control of the U. S. Formal possession of the island took 
place Oct. IS, 1898. Great dissatisfaction arose on the 
island regarding the Dingley Tariff Bill of March, lyOO, 
which placed a duty of 15 per cent on Porto Rican exports' 
and came nigh dividing the Republican party at home. Civil 
authority received the assent of the President, April 12, 1900 
and was established May 1, 1900. It provided for two bratfch- 
es an "Upper" and "Lower riouse." "Upper House" com- 
posed of the Government Secretary, Attorney General, Trea- 
urer. Auditor, Commisioner of Education and five citizens 
appointed by the President of the U. S. "Lower House" 
composed of 35 members— elective. W. H. Hunt, governor, 
salary $8,000. 

Physical Features— Average length 96 miles; width 35 
miles. Area 3,531 square miles. Surface, rolling. Drainage, 
about 1200 streams flow north and south to the ocean. Av 
erage rainfall, 59 inches. Climate more healthful than Cuba 
Temperate, summer, S3 degrees; winter 7G degrees. Cities 
principal, Ponce (40,000); San Juan, capital, (32,000); Are 
cibo, (30,000); Mayaguez, (j.^,000). People, population 
nearly 1,000,000, of which, over one-third are negroes, decend 
ants from former slaves, and nearly 500,000 are whites 
About four-fifths of the entire population are able to read 
Industries, chiefly agriculture and lumbering. Commerce, R 
R., 159 miles and 170 miles under construction. Telegraph 
lines, 500 miles. Leading products, mineral— copper, iron, 
lead, coal, salt, lignite, and yellow amber— little developed. 
Vegetable— Coffee (63 per cent.) sugar, (28) tobacco, honey 
and molasses. 



194 Analysis of American History. 

PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO. 

Spain's title, — By right of Discovery in 1565 and were 
named in honor of Philip II. 

This group lies between longitude 117 degrees and 126 
degrees and latitude 5 degrees and 20 degrees. They number 
about 1,500 scattered over an area of 1,200 miles of latitude 
and 2,400 of longitude; but, at present there are only 
12 worthy of note, chief among these are: Luzon (44,400) 
square miles) Minandao, 34,000; Samar, 4,800; Panay, 4,700; 
Mindoro 4,000; Leeyte 3,800; Negros 3,300 Cebu 2,400. The 
actual land area amounting to nearly 110,000 square miles of 
which, only one-ninth is under cultivation. The inhabitants 
numbering about 8,000,0 OOare chiefly Malays ,but about 
thirty races are represented. Climate is one of the best 
known in the tropics. Temperature 81 degrees. Rainfall 
abundant. Chief occupation, agriculture — little developed. 
Chief vegetable products, rice, corn, hemp, sugar, tobacco, 
cacao and cocoanuts. Mineral products, lead, gold, petroleum, 
sulphur, copper and coal — little developed. Foreign trade 
amounted annually to nearly $30,000,000. Chief cities: Manila, 
capital (250,000) Iliolo and Cebu. The Philippines became 
apart of the U. S. by the third provision of the treaty of 
Dec. 10, 1898. The provision of the treaty regarding the 
Philippines met with much bitter opposition. Those oppos- 
ing this clause were called "anti-Imperialists." 



GUAM, WAKE AND TUTUILA. 

GUAM — Lies in Lat. 12 degs. north and Long. 148 degs. 
East. 5,200 miles from San Francisco and 900 miles from 
Manila. It is the largest of the Lad rone Archipelago and 
was first discovered by Magellan in 1521, during his cir- 
cumnavigation of the globe. The island measures about 100 
miles in circumference and 30 miles wide. Area 175 square 
miles. Population nearly 10,000 of which, nine-tenths are 
able to read and write. Nearly one-half of the population 
reside in Agana, the capital and chief city. Prevailing lang- 
uage-Spanish. Guam has good drainage systems, well wood- 
ed and the chief products are; topical fruits, rice, corn, to- 
bacco, sugar cane and cacao. It was ceded to the U. S. by 



Analysis of American History. 195 

the provisoiis of the treaty at the close of the Spanish-Amer- 
ican War and Commander Taussing, of the Bennington, toolc 
possession of the island on Feb. 1, 1899. 

WAKE Lies in Lat. 20 degrees North and Long. 168 
degrees East. 2,500 miles from Hawaii and 3,000 miles from 
Hong Kong. Commander Taussing took possession of the 
island,' Jan. 1899, while on his way to Guam. It is small 
uninhabited and is of coral formation. 

TUTUILA— Lies in Lat. 14 degrees south and Long. 170 
degrees west. It is about 18 miles long and 6 miles wide. 
Area 73 square miles. It is one of the largest of the four- 
teen islands that compose the Samoan group. Population — 
5,800 composed chiefly of Polynesians and Christians noted 
especially for their bravery and intelligence. For several 
years the island has been imder the joint control of Great 
Britain, Germany and U. S. but the "Partition Treaty'' of 
Dec. 2, 1899, it passed under the control of the U. S. The 
harbor of Pago Pago is one of the most valuable in the S. 
Pacific and it is said to be large enough to hold the entire 
naval force of the U. S. The objects of the U. S. in acquir- 
ing these three islands weretowfold: 1. As naval and launch- 
ing stations. 2. As coaling stations. 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 

HAWAII — Lies in Lat. 22 degrees north and in Long. 160 
degrees west. They were discovered by Capt. Cook in 1778, 
and contained a native population of about 200,000, but has 
since been reduced to about 30,000. At the time of the dis- 
covery, they were governed by separte chiefs with varying 
abilities, but it was not long until one through superior abil- 
ity conquered all the islands except two, and these yielded 
their allegiance to his predecessor. They were then all unit- 
ed under one government. The first dynasty was began by 
Kamehameha I., and lasted until the death of Kamehamela V. 
in 1874. He died leaving no succesor. Whereupon, chiefly 
through American influence, Kalakaua, one of the royal 
house, was elected. He pursued a different course from that 
of his predecessors, which hnally led to the revolution of 
1887. As a result of this revolution a new constitution, giv- 



196 Analysts 0/ American History. 

ing more power to aliens, was formed. While on a visit to 
the U. S. in 1891 Kalakaua diea and his sister Liliuokalani 
was proclaimed queen. Annexation movements was immedi- 
ately begun by the white residents. The signing of the 
Opium License Act and the Lottery Act was an unfortunate 
step for the queen, this she well knew, but was compelled 
to do so, because she expected something in turn from the 
new, yet corrupt ministry. The signing of these acts and 
certain goverment dissentions that arose between the queen 
and her ministry gave the annexationists an opportunity to 
effect their purpose. Whereupon they assembled and ap- 
pointed a Committee of Safety, wno on Jan. 16, 1893 issued 
a proclamation establishing a provisional government and 
appointed a protectorate, thus, blotting out the native prin- 
ciples of the queen. The U. S. immediately recognized the 
new government through our Minister at Honolulu, Mr. 
Setvens) and sent a body of marines ostensibly to protect 
American interfests on the islands. This revolution wap 
bloodless; but, surely unwise. A treaty of Annexation was 
soon concluded and was recommended by Pres. Harrison, 
who presented it to the Senate on Feb. 15, 1893. No action 
was taken, and it was withdrawn by Pres. Cleveland, who 
sent a commissioner to Hawaii to investigate. His report 
was such that Pres. Cleveland condemned the actions of the 
U. S. troops and ordered the withdrawal of the protectorate 
April 14,1893, and the provisional government came to an end. 
Hawaii became a republic July 4, 1894 under the presidency 
of Sanford B. Dole. He is of American parentage and was 
at the head of the provisional government. A new treaty of 
annexation was laid before the Senate by Pres. McKinley, 
June 16, 1897; but again no action was taken, and it was not 
until July 7, 1898; when by a joint resolution of Congress 
and the approval of Pres. McKinley, that they were really 
annexed. Our reasons for annexation them were fourfold in 

1. To protect American interests already established there. 

2. A foothold in the mid-Pacific. 3. As a coaling station. 
4. As a naval station. 

These islands are 12 in number; 8 of which are in- 
habited. They are as follows: Hawaii, 4,210 square miles. 



Analysis of American H'siory. 197 

Maui 760, Oahu, 600; Kauai 590; Molokai* 270; Lanai, lu; 
Nihau 97; Kahoolawe 63. Total, 6,740. Population, 154,000. 
Chief cities: Honolulu, (.30,000); Hilo (20,000), Kauhalo and 
Lahonia. Average rainfall, 50 inches. Temperature, never 
registers higher than 88 degrees. Climate healthful. Soil 
fertile, well watered; but no rivers. Principal mountain 
peaks: Mauna Kea (13,800 feet) and Mauna Loa (13,600 feet) 
People, population, mixed nearly one-thrid being Hawaiians 
Japanese and Chinese constitute nearly one-half and the 
Americans about 3,000. Christianity was introduced by 
Avamehameha II, and is steadily advancing. They have a 
good school system. Products, sugar and rice. There are 
71 miles of railroad and 250 miles of telegraph in the islands 
Honolulu is the Capital. 

*Leprosy is the worst scourge among the natives. The 
victims are sent'to the Leper iseltlement on this island to 
prevent the spread of the disease. There are at least 1,200 
there at present. 



THE SUCCESSIVE CAPITALS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The first capital of the U. S. was Philadelphia. Other 
capitals have been located as follows: 

Baltimore, Md., Dec. 1776 to March, 1777. Philadelphia, Pa., 
March 1777 to Sept 27, 1777. Lanctser, Pa.. Sept 27, 1777 
to Sept 30, 1777. York, Pa., Sept 30, 1777 to July, 1778. 
Philadelphia, Pa., July 1778 to June 30, 1783. Princton, N. 
J., June 30, 1783 to Nov. 1783. Annapolis, Md., Nov. 1783 to 
April 1784. Trenton, N. J., April, 1784 to Jan. 17S5. New 
York, N. Y., Jan. 1785 to 1790. Philadelphia. Pa.. 1790 to 
Nov. 1800. Washington, D. of C, Nov. 1800 to 



NOTED DUELS. 



Lee and Laurens. Clay and Randolph. 

Cadwallader and Conway. Decatur and Barron. 

Gwinnett and Mcintosh. A. Jackson and Dickinson. 

Hamilton and Burr. Broderick and Terry. 

De Witt Clinton and Swartwout Clay and Humphrey Marshall. 
Cilley and Graves. Benton and Lucas. 



198 A)ialjsis of America)i History. 

CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Name. Term of Service By Whom Appointed. 

Jotin Jay,* N. Y., Sept. 26, 1789 to Apl. 19, 1795 Washington 

John Rutledge,* S. C, July 1, 1795 to Dec. 15, 1795. .Washington 
Oliver Ellsworth,* Con., Mar. 4, 1796 to Feb. 27, 1799. Washington 
John Marshall, I Va., Jan. 31 1801 to July 6. 1835.. John Adams 

Roger B. Taney,| Md., Mar. 15, 1836 to Oct. 12, 1864 Jackson 

Salmon P. Chase,! O.. Dec. 6, 1864 to May 7, 1873 Lincoln 

Morrison R. Waite,i O., Jan 21, 1874 to Mar. 23 1888 Grant 

Melville W. Fuller, Ind., Apr. 30, 1888 —present Cleveland 

John Rutledge did not really resign, although he served 
from July 1, 1795 to Dec. 15, 1795, when he was rejected by 
the Senate. William Gushing of Massachusetts, was nexf 
appointed, but declined promotion from his associate justice- 
ship. When Oliver Ellsworth resigned, in 1799, Jolin 
Adams appoointed, or nominated, John Jay, but Jay declined 
to serve. Adams, six weeks later, Jan. 31, 1801, appoinfed 
John Marshall. When Chase died, 1873, Grant appointed 
Geo. H. Williams, of Oregon, but he was rejected by th? 
Senate. Grant next nominated Caleb Gushing, of Mass. but 
the Senate also rejected him. 



"WAR GOVERNORS." 

California, Leland Stanford; Connecticut, William A. 
Buckingham; Delaware, William Burton; Illinois, Oliver P. 
Morton; Iowa, Samuel J. Kirkwood; Kentucky, Beriah Mag- 
offin; Maine, Israel Washburn, Jr.; Maryland, Thomas 
Hicks, Massachusetts, John A. Andrew; Michigan, Austin 
Blair; Minnesota, Alexander Ramsey Missouri, Hamilton R. 
Gamble; New Hampshire, iNathaniel S. Berry; New Jersey, 
Joel Parker; New York, Edwin D. Morgan; Ohio, David 
Todd; Pennsylvania. Andrew G. Curtain; Rhode Island, 
William Sprague; Vermont, Fredrick Holbrook; West Vir- 
ginia, Francis H. Pierpont; Wisconsin, Alexander W. Randall. 



♦Resigned. IDied. 



Analysis of American Ihstory 



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Analysis oj American History. 201 

SOBRIQUETS OF EMINENT AMERICANS. 

1. Adams, John — Colossug; of Independence, Ihe Firm 
Fcduralist. Sage of Quincy. 

2. Adams, Samuel — American Cato, Father of the Revo- 
lution, Father of America, Last of the Puritans, Man of the 
Town-meeting. 

;!. Adams, John Q. — Old Man Eloquent. 

4. Allen, William — Ohio Gong. 

5. AnroR, Edmund — Tyrant of New England. 

fi. Arthur, Chester A — Appolo Belvedere of Presidents, 
The Stalwart President. 

7. Baron, Steuben — Marshal Fonitz 

8. Blaine, Jas. G. — Plumed Knight. 

9. Benton, Thos. H— Old Bullion, Father of the Home 
stead Law. 

10. Buchanan, Jas. — Old Public Functionary, Ten-cent 
Jimmy. 

11. Beauregad, P. G. T. — Old Lory, Little Napolean. 

12. Butler, Benj. F. — Cockeye, Picayune, Silver Spoon. 
1;^. Ballon, Hosea — Father of Universalism. 

14. Barnard. Henrj' — Father of Education in America. 

15. Bryant, W. C. — Chaucer of America, Father of Am- 
erican Poetry, Poet of Autumn, Poet of Nature, Wordsworth 
of America. 

16. Burnside, A. E. — Kaiser Wiliam, Rhody. 

17. Brice, Calvin S. — Rainbow Chaser. 

18. Buritt, Elihu — Learned Blacksmith. 

19. Brown, John — Old Ossawatamic. 

20. Brownlow, W. G. — The Fighting Parson. 

21. Bryan, Wm. J. — Boy Orator of the Platte. 

22. Burgoyne, John — El bow-Room. 

23. Gary, Alice — Jean Ingelow of America. 

24. Columbus, Chr. — Admiral of Mosquito Land, The 
Great Admiral, The Pauper Pilot. 

25. Cotton, .John — Patriarch of New England. 

20. Crawford, Jack— Poet-Scout of the Black Hills. 

27. Coffin, R. S.— Boston Bard. 

28. Gushing, W. B. — Albemarle Gushing. 

29. Custer, Geo. A. — Long Hair, Ringlet. 



202 Ana/ysis of American History. 

oO. Cleveland, Grover — Man of Destiny. 

31. Clay, Henry — Judas of the West; Great Pacifica- 
tor; Magnetic Statesman; Millboy of the Slashes; Sage of 
Ashland. 

32. Carleton, Will— Farmers' Poet. 

33. Calhoun, John C. — Great NuUifier; The Iron Man 

34. Corwin, Thos. — The Wagon Boy. 

3.5. Chase, Salmon F. — Father of Greenbacks. 

36. Chanfrau — Arkansas Traveler. 

37. Cobbett, Wm. — Porcupine Peter. 

38. Champlain, Samuel — Father of New France. 

39. Clayborne, William — Scourge of Maryland. 

40. Cooper, J. Fenimore — Walter Scott of America. 

41. Dow, Neal — Father of Prohibition. 

42. Dana, Chas. A. — Dean of American Journalism; 
Nestor of the Press. 

J3. Davis, Winnie — Daughter of the Confederacy. 

44. Devons, 1. C— Old Tommy; Old War Horse. 

45. Douglas, S. A. — Little Giant. 

4(). Evans, Robley D. — Fighting Boh. 

47. Early, Jubal A.— Bad Old Man. 

48. Emerson, R. Waldo — Sage of Concord; Yankee 
Plato. 

49. Eliot, John — Apostle to the Indians. 

50. Edison, Thos. A. — American Wizard ; Wizard of 
Electricity; Wizard of Menlo Park. 

51. Franklin, Ben j.— Nestor of America; Poor Richard. 

52. Fremont, John C. — Pathfinder of the Rockies. 

53. Field, Eugene — Hom^r of the Nursery; Shakespeare 
of the Children. 

54. Forbes, Gen. — The Head of Iron. 

55. Gilder, Rich. W— Old Cabinet. 

56. Gerry, Elbridge — Old Gerrymander. 

57. Gates, Horatio — Conqueror of Burgoyne. 

58. Grant, U. S.— Silent Man; Silent Sufferer; Old 
Three Stars; United States; United We Fall; Uncle Sam. 
Unconditional Surrenderer. 

59. Green, A. H. — Father of Greater New York. 

CO. Garfield, Jas. A. — Canal Boy; Teacher President. 



Analysis of American History. 203 

f)2. Greely, Horace — Sage of Chappaqua. 
G2. Harnden, Thos. F. — Founder of the American Ex- 
press Business. 

63. Hitchcock, Peter — Father of Ohio's Constitution. 

64. Harrison, W. H. — Log-Cabin Candidate; Old Tippe- 
canoe; Washington of the West. 

05. Hamilton, Alex. — The Little Lion; Colossus of the 
Federalists; The Coppersmith; Publius. 

66. Havemeyer, Th. — The Sugar King. 

67. Hewet, Dr. Aug. — Newman of America. 

68. Humphreys, A. A. — Old Mathematics 

69. Harrison, Benj. — Little Ben. 

70. Harte, F. Bret — Poet of the Sierras. 
7L Hamlin, Hannibal — Old Carthagenian. 

72. Hayne, Robt. Y. — Silver-tongued Orator. 

73. Hooker, Joseph — Fighting .Toe. 

74. Hancock, W. S.— Superb. 

75. Howard, O. O. — Havelock of the Rebellion; The 
Praying Soldier. 

76. Henry, Patrick — Natural Orator of the Republic. 

77. Hayes, R. B. — Dark-Horse President; Policy Presi- 
dent, 8 by 7 President. 

78. Holmes, O. W. — Our Autocrat; The Learned Doctor; 
American Laureate. 

79. Hooker, Thos.— Light of the Western Churches. 
SO. Holman, W. S.— The Great Objector; Watchdog of 

the Treasury. 

81. Irving, Washington — American Goldsmith; The 
Dutch Herodotus ; First Ambassador from the New World 
of Letters to the Old; Father of American Literature. 

82. Jefferson, Thos. — Apostle of Liberty; Apostle o" 
Democracy; Sage of Monticello ; Long Loin. 

83. .Johnson, Andrew — Sir Veto. 

84. Jackson, Thos. J. — Stonewall. 

85. Jackson, Andrew — Big Knife; Old Hickory; Hero of 
Three Wars. 

86. Kane, Elisha K.— Mad Yankee. 

87. Kilpatrick, Gen.— Kill, the Raider. 

88. Kearney, Philip — One-armed Phil; One-armed Devil. 



204 Analysts of American History. 

89. King, Wm. R. — Miss Nancy. 

90. Kelly, W. D.— Pig-iron Kelly. 

91 — Kimball, Moses — Watch-dog of the Treasury. 

92. Lundy, Benj. — Father of Aholitionisni. 

93. Longstreth, L. L. — Hiiber of America. 

94. Longfellow, H. W. — Lyric Poet; People's Poet. 

95. Lincoln, Abraham — Honest Abe; The Railspiitter. 
9(j. Lee, Chas. — American Palladium. 

97. Lee, Robt. E.— Uncle Rob. 

9.S. Lee, Henry — Lightl Horse Harry. 

99. Logan, .John A. — Black Jack; Old War Eagle; Jack 
of Spades; Black Eagle of Illinois. 

100. Larcom, Lucy — The Factory Poet. 

101. Medary, Sam'l — Old Wheel-horse of the Democracy. 

102. Marion, Francis — The Swamp Fox; Bayard of the 
South. 

103. IMarshall, John — Expounder of the Constiutution. 

104. Morse, H. — Father of Education in America. 

105. Morse, Jed — Father of American Geography. 

106. Mackay, J. W.--The Silver King. 
1(»7. Milburn, J. H.— Blind Man Eloquent. 
lOS. McKinley, William — Napoleon of Finance. 

109. McClellan, Geo. B. — Little Mac; Petite Napoleon; 
Modern Belisarius; Young Napoleon. 

110. Meade, Geo. G. — Four-eyed George. 

111. Mann, Horace — Defender of our Common Schools. 

112. McDowell, Irvin — Pope. 

113. Monroe, James — The Spo.tless President ; Honest 
Man. 

114. Mitchell, Ormsby— Old Stars. 

.15. Madison, Jas. — True RepubUlcan ; Farther of the 
Constitution. 

IIG. Myer, R. J.— Old Probabilities. 

117. Monroe, J. H. — Drummer Boy of Shiloh. 

18. Payne, Capt. — Olvlahoma Boomer. 

119. Pendleton, Geo. H. — Gentleman George. 

120. Pierce. Franklin — Yankee President. 

121. Phillips, Philip — Singing Pilgrim. 
123. Putnam, Israel— Old Put. 



Analysts of AmcriccDi Ilistory. 205 

124. Polk, Jas. K. — Yoiiiii; Hickory; Najjoleon ol the 
otump. 

125. Pope, .lolin — Saddlebag John. 

126. Pocahontas — Lady Rebecca. 

127. Pitcher, Mary — Captain Molly. 

128. Penn, William— Onas; The Quaker King. 

129. Ross, Charlie — Lost Child of America. 

100. Randolph, John — Little David; Political Meteor. 

101. Rosecrans, W. S. — Rosy; The Dutch General; Old 
Jack. 

132. Reid, J. D.— Father of the Telegraph. 

i;!3. Rice, Harvey — Father of Ohio's Schools. 

l;J4. Stranahan, J. S. T. — First Citizen of Brooklyn. 

135. Sewall, Samuel — The Puritan Pepys. 

136. Sala, Geo. A. — King of Journalists. 

' 137. Smith, Samuel — tiero of Ft. Mifflin. 

138. Seymour, Horatio — Sage of Deerfield. 

139. Sykes, Alfred— Sykesy. 

140. Sumter, George — Old Buii of the Woods. 

141. Stevens, Thad. — Great American Commoner. 

142. Sherman W. T. Uncle Billy; Old Tecumseh. 

143. Scott, Winfield— Old Chapultepec; Old Fuss and 
Feathers. 

144. Sigel, Franz — Dutchy. 
14.5. Smith, W. F.— Old Baldy. 

146. Sheridan, P. H.— Little Phil; Jack of Clubs. 

147 Steadman, J. B. — Old Steady; Old Chickamaugua. 

148. Smith, John — Father of Virginia. 

149. Standish, Myles — Hero of New England. 
loO. Sherman, John — Father of Resumption. 

151. Seward, Wm. H. — Irrepressil)le Conflict. 

152. Stratton, Chas. H.— Tom Thumb. 

153. Stuyvesant, Peter — Old Silver Leg. 

154. Semmes, Raphael — Paul Jones of the Rebellion; 
Old Beeswax. 

155. Tourgee, A. W. — One of the Fools. 

156. Tryon, William — Great Wolf of the Carolinas. 

157. Thurman, Allan G.— Old Roman. 



2o6 Analysis of American History. 

158. Thomas, Geo. H.— Slow Trot; Rock of Chicga- 
maugua ; Sledge of Nashville. 

159. Taylor, Zachary — Old Rough and Ready. 
IGO. Tilden, Samuel J. — Sage of Greystone. 

161. Tyler, John— The Corporal. 

162. Trumbull, J. — Brother Jonathan. 

164. Venable, W. H. — The Teacher Poet. 

166. Voorhees, Daniel v* . — Tall Sycamore of the Wa- 
bash. 

165. VauBuren, Martin — Little Magicion; Jackson's Ap- 
pendix; Sage of Kinderhook. 

160. Whittier, John G. — Stuart of America; Foet oi 
Slavery; Quaker Poet; Poet of Freedom; Bard ot AmesPury. 

167. Wayne, Anthony — Mad Anthony. 

168. Webster, Daniel — Black Dan; American Demosthe- 
nes; Lion of the North; Expounder of the Constitution; 

Monarch of Eloquence, 

169. Wilson, Henry — The Natick Cobbler. 

170. Webster, Noah — Schoolmaster of the Republic. 

171. Washington, George — Father of His Country; 
American Fabius; Cincinnatus of the West. 

172. Wallace, Lewis — Jjouisa. 

17.'^. Wood, Reuben — Tall Chief of the Cuyahogas. 

173. White, J. DeHaven— Father of Dentistry. 

174. Whiitman, Walt— The Good, Gray Poet. 

175. Otis, James — The Trumpet of the Revolution. 



Analysis of American H'siory. 



107 



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208 



Analysis of American History. 




CONTENTS. 



Def. Origin and Periods of History 5 

The etory of the Northmen C 

The Mound Builders 8 

The Irdian Nations 9 

Pre gram of Recitation — Columbus li 

Dis^covery of the New World 1.] 

Sparish Discoveries, Explorations and Conque^^ts i4 — 15 

Er glish Discoveries, Explorations and Settlements 16 

Dutch Discoveries and Settlements IG 

Fre; cli Discoveries and Explorations 1 / 

Mi&ceJlaneous Table 18 

Virginia Under First Charter 19 

Viis.il i; Under Second Charter 19 

ViipiLia Under Third Charter 20 

Virginia — The Royal Government 21 

Bacon's Rebellion 2:'. 

Massachusetts 24 

Maine 26 

The New Enngland Confederation 26 

The Salem Hallucination 27 

Punishment of the Friends (Quakers) 29 

Melacom's War (King Philip's) 30 

King Williams War 31 

Qu( en Anne's War 32 

Kinjr George's War 34 

Frerch and Indian War . . 35 

A tail y Convention 35 

Pontiac Conspiracy 38 

New York 39 

New Hampshire 42 

Vermont 13 

Connecticut 44 



2IO Analysis of Aviericaii History. 

Pequod War 46 

Rhode Island 47 

Maryland 48 

Claiborne's Rebellion 50 

Delaware (New Sweden) 50 

New Jersey 52 

The Carolinas 53 

North Carolina 53 

South Carolina 54 

P6) 1 sylvania 55 

Geo-gia 57 

Ar alytic Review of Immigrants 59 

Colonial Forms of Government 5y 

English Sovereigns 60 

Colonial Colleges 61 

General Statements Regarding the Colonies at the cl."se 

or Inter-Colonial Wars 62 

Constitutional growth of the Colonies 64 

Convention of Colonies — Stamp Act Congress 65 

First Continental Congress 65 

Second Continental Congress 66 

War of the Revolution 6H 

Be nr ds of the United States— 1783 71 

J.and Battles, War of the Revolution 72 — 23 

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual 1 nion 74 

Trade Convention 75 

Shay's Rebellion 76 

Land Claims of the States and Their Cessions 76 

Ordinance of 1 787 •. 77 

Constitutional Convention — Constituti )n Formed (8 

Ratification of the Constitution by the States 80 

Presidents of the Continental Congress, 1 775-1788 81 

Departments of our Government and When Created. . . . 81 — 82 

Table of Presidents 83 

The Administration of George Washington 84 — 85 — 86 — 87 

Congress Under Washington's Administration 87 

Whisky Rebellion 88 

The Administratioim of John Adams 89 

Congresses Under Adam's Administration 91 — 92 



Anaij'sts of American H 'story. 2 1 1 

The Administration of Thomas Jellerson 92 — 93 — 94 

Congresses Under Jefferson's Administration 94 — 95 

I.,ouisiana Purchase 5)5 — 9(; 

Acts Passed by the Americai) Government 9i) 

Decrees Passed by French Government 97 — 98 

Orders Issued by the English Government 9S 

The Administration of James Madison 98 — 99 — 100 

Congresses Under James Madison's Admini.-tcation. . . . 100 — 101 

War of 1812 1(»1- 102— lO:', 

Land Battles of the War of 1812 104 

Naval battles of the War of 1812 lOf. 

First Seminole War 106 

Cit ek War iO(i 

Hartford Convention 106 — 107 

The Administration of James Monroe 107 — 108— -109 

Congresses Under Monroe's Administration 109 — llo 

Second Seminole War— 181 7— 181S 110 

Erie Canal lin 

Purchase of Florida • 1 11 — 112 

Clay's Plan — Missouri Compromise 112 

Monroe Doctrine 11'! 

The Administration of J. Q. Adams llo — 114 — 115 

Congresses Under Adams' Administration .-. 115 

The Administration of Andrew Jackson 115 — 116 — 117 — 118 

Congresses Under Jackson's Administration 118 — 119 

Black Hawk War US 

Third Seminole War 119 

South Carolina Nullification 120 

The Administration of Martin Vanl^uren . .121 — 122 

Congresses Under Van Buren's Arministration 12:^ 

The Administration of Harrison and Tyler 123 — 12 — 1^.5 

Congresses Under Harrison and Tyler's Administration 125 

Dorr's Rebellion 125— 12fj 

The Administration oof James K. Polk 126—127—128 

Congi esses Under Polk's Administration 128 

Our Claims to Oregon Territory 128— 129— 130 

War With Mexico 130—131—132 

The Admininstration of Taylor and Fillmore 132— 133—- 134 

Congresses Under Taylor and Fillnior'^'s Administration. 134 



2 1 2 Analysis 0/ American llisuuy. 

L.ii.i,iomibe ui i850 — (Omnibus Bill) 134 — 135 

The Administration of Franklin Pierce 135 — 13^ — 137 

Corgresses Under Pierce's Administration 137 

Gadfcdeu Purchase 137 — ISb 

Kansas — Nebraska 138 

Civil War in Kansas 139 

The Administration of .lames Buchanan.. 13^' — l-lo — 141 — 142 — 143 

Congresses Under Buchanan's Administration 143 

The Administration of Lincoln and Johnson 

143—144—145—146—147—148 

Coi gresses Under Lincoln and Johnson's Admini.stratiou. 148-149 

Lincoln s Monument 149 

Civil War 14..'— 1.50— 151— 152— 153 

Principal Land Engagements of the Civil War 154 — 155 

Battio Diagram 15G 

Pure hase of Alaska 157 — 158 

Reconstruction 158 — 159 

In ] eachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson 159 — 160 

First Administration of U. S. Grant 160—161—162 

Secf nd Administration of U. S. Grannt 162 — 163 — 164 

Cc-.i gi esses Under Grant's Administration 164 — 165 

The Administration of Rutherford 13. Haye.s 165—166—167 

Cc ngrosses Under Hayes' Administration 167 

Electoral Commission 167 — 168 

Modoc or "Lava Bed War" 168 

Sicux War 168—169 

The Administration of Garfield and Arthur 169—170—171 

Coigiesses Under Garfield and Artiiur's Admiristration. 171 

First Administration of Grover Cleveland 171 — 172 — 173 

Cci gresses Under Cleveland's First Administr.ition. . . . 173 

The Administration of Ben.iamin Harrison 173 — 174 — 175 

Co grasses Under Harrison's Administration 175 

Seocnd Administration of Grover Cleveland 176 — 17V 

Cc gresses Under Cleveland's Second Administration. .177 — 178 

First Administration of William McKinh'y 178—179—180 

C' ngiesses Under McKinley's First Administration 180 

Spanish-American War 180—181-182—183 

Serena Administration of William McKinley 183 — 184 — 185 

C,( : gresses Under McKinley's Second Administration.. 185 



Analysis of American History. i i ^ 

Oi IJine of Financial History of the United States 

135— ISG— 187—18.'!— 189 

I-anama Canal 189 

The Hague Tribunal 189-190 

Cuba 191—192 

Porte Rico 1 92— 19:j 

Ph'iii pine Archipelago 194 

Guam, Wake and Tutuila 194—195 

Hawaiian Islands 195—196—197 

The Successive Capitals of the United States 197 

Noted Duels 197 

Chief Justices of the United States 198 

"War Governors" 198 

Adnrisfion of the States and Territories From Which 

They Were Formed 199— 200 

fc'( briquets of Eminent Americans 201-202-20:!-204-205-20() 



JUL 22 I9U3 



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010 546 477 



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